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fold- out key

1 fold- out key

Общая лексика: раскладной ключ

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > fold- out key
2 раскладной ключ

General subject: fold- out key

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > раскладной ключ
3 блок

unit, block;
- (агрегат) — unit
- (ролик, тросовый) — pulley
- (такелажный, погрузочный) — pulley block
- а, д, е (бытовых приборов) — unit а, d, е
- аварийных и предупреждающих сигналов (бап) — warning/caution signal unit
- автоматики (ба, инерц. сист.) — automatic control unit
- автоматического триммирования (бат), автотриммирования — autotrim control unit
-, антенно-электронный — antenna/electronic unit
- баланса (электрического баланса, системы сп-50) — balance control unit
-, балансировки (бб) — stable platform gyro bias drift
дпя компенсации систематической составляющей собственного дрейфа гироскопов гироплатформы по трем осям. — compensator
- ввода начальных данных (пв, инерциальной системы) — control display unit (cdu)
- воздушных параметров (бвп) — air data unit
-, "врубной" — plug-in unit
- bcmb (системы cbc, вычислитепь скорости, чиспа м и высоты) — air data computer
-, вычислительно-усилительный (вуб, инерциальной системы) — computer-amplifier unit
- гиромагнитной коррекции (бгмк) — gyro/mag monitor
-, гидравлический — hydraulic unit (pack)
- датчиков угловых скоростей — rate gyro unit /group/
- демпфирующих гироскопов — rate gyro unit
- дистанционной (дискретной) коррекции (бдк) — navigation computer correction selector
задатчик, устанавливаемый на приборной доске и служащий для компенсации систематической погрешности курсовой системы или цепи счисления пути в нав. вычислитепь (нву) (рис. 69). — selector is installed on сopilot's instrument panel, and is used to compensate systematic errors оf compass system or а/с position reckoning circuit in navigation computer.
- добавочного сопротивления (для ограничения токов в цепи якоря электродвигателя.) — additional resistance unit
- заданной информации по траектории полета — flight path data storage unit (fdsu)
- задатчика скорости (приборной) — ias selector unit
- задающий (в сист. управления) — master unit
- зажигания — ignition unit
-, законченный — definite-purpose unit
- защиты двигателя (бзд) — engine protection unit
- защиты и управления (бзу) — protection and control unit
-, инерциально-навигационный (с гироплатформой) — inertial navigation unit (inu)
- искрогашения (рад.) — spark quench unit
-, исполнительный — actuating unit
- камеры сгорания — combustion section
- кислородного питания, переносной — portable oxygen unit
- кислородного питания (бкп), переносной (аварийный баллон с редуктором и манометром) — (emergency) portable /walkaround/ oxygen cylinder
- кислородного питания (бкп), стационарный — oxygen supply cylinder (unit)
- кислородного оборудования (бко состоит из укладочного блока и кислородной маски) — oxygen unit
- коммутации — switching unit
- коммутации навигационного оборудования (бкн) — navigation equipment switching unit
- коммутации шин (автомат переключения шин) — bus tie relay (unit)
-, конструктивно-законченный — definite-purpose unit
- контроля — monitor
- контроля (переносного типа "тестер") — tester
- контроля исправности (системы) — (system) integrity monitor /monitoring unit/
- контроля кренов (бкк) (сравнивает углы крена и тангажа, индицируемые на обоих пкп и измеряемые резервной курсовертикалью, и при необходимости вырабатывает сигнал отказа.) — attitude monitor (атт mntr)
- коррекции и связи (бкс, инерциальной навигационной системы) — coupler
- кресел (пассажирских) — seat unit
- кресел, двухместный — double-place seat unit
- кресел, трехместный — triple-place seat unit
-, легкосъемный (со штырьевым разъемом) — plug-and-socket quick release unit
- масляных насосов (маслоагрегат) — oil pump block
-, модульный — module
- на твердых схемах (электронный) — solid state circuitry unit (all-solid state circuitry is used in many key chassis areas.)
- наведения (бн) — guidance unit
в системе сау для управления механизмом триммерного эффекта продольного канала. — directs an aircraft with referеncе 'to selection of a flight path.
-, натяжной (для регулирования натяжения тросовой проводки) — cable tensioning pulley
-, натяжной (оттяжной, тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
- неуправляемых ракет (подвесной) — rocket pod
- ограничения режимов (автопилота, бор) — mode limiter
- опасной высоты (автопилота,бов) — preselected radio altitude unit
- оперативной памяти (устройство) — random-access memory (ram) ram output data is transferred on the memory bus.
- (иммитации) отказов (системы сау) — failure simulator
- отключения генератора (бог) — generator cut-out unit
-, оттяжной (тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
- очередности (очереди работы озу) — queue control block (а block that is used to regulate the sequential use of a programmer.)
- памяти (внешней) — storage unit
- памяти воздушных сигналов — air data storage unit
- передачи данных — data transmitter
-, перекидной (роликовый) — guide pulley block
- переключения потребителей (бпп) — load monitor relay (unit) (lmr)
- переключения шин (автомат) — bus tie relay unit (btr)
- перекрестных связей (бпс) — cross-coupling unit
- питания — power unit
- питания потребителей (бпп) — power unit
- пластин (аккумулятора), отрицательный — negative plate group
- пластин (аккумулятора), положительный — positive plate group
-, погрузочный (тросовой проводки с лебедкой) — (cargo) loading /handling/ pulley block
- подрыва (сро) — destructor (unit)
- подшипника, внутренний — bearing inner race and cage assembly
-, полностью собранный на транзисторах — all-transistorized unit
- полупроводниковых приборов(бпп) — semiconductor module
- постоянной памяти (устройство) — read-only memory (rom) rom output data is transferred on the memory bus.
- постоянной памяти (внешнее устройство) — permanent storage
- преобразования (системы свс) — converter
- преобразования сигналов (системы мсрп) — signal conditioning unit
- приема данных — data receiver
- приема и обработки сигналов (навигац.системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
-,приемо-вычислительный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu)
-,приемо-процессорный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu) contains the circuitry to process the received omega and vlf signals.
-, процессорно-вычислительный (пb, системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
- разовых команд (брк) — event signal unit
- распределения углов (бру, крена, курса, тангажа инерциальной системы) — pitch, roll and heading angular information distributor (used to transfer pitch, roll and heading angular information to respective systems.)
- растормаживания (блок тормоза) — brake retraction mechanism
- реактивных орудий (подвесной) — rocket pod
- регулирования частоты генератора (брч) — generator frequency control unit
- регулировочно-коммутационный (автопилота) — coupler
- речевой информации (ри) — voice warning unit (vwu)
- речевых команд (брк) — voice warding unit (vwu)
- (2-х) роликовый — (twin) pulley block
-,рулевой (рб,автопилота) — servo (unit)
- ручного триммирования — manual trim control unit
- связи — coupling unit, coupler
-, связи аналого-цифровой (ацбс) — analog-digital coupler
служит для преобразования входных данных в цифровой код и цифрового кода в выходные данные. — converts input data into digital code, and then digital code into output signals.
- связи, антенный (системы "омега") — antenna coupler (acu)
- связи низкой частоты доплеровского измерителя скорости и сноса — doppler lf coupler
- связи с антенной — antenna coupler unit
- связи с курсовой системой — compass system coupling unit /coupler/
- связи с радиолокационным оборудованием — radar coupling unit /coupler/
- сигнализации нарушения питания (снп) — power fail relay (unit)
- сигнализации предельных кренов (бспк для включения табло крен лев (прав) велик) — limit bank warn(ing) unit (to operate high l(r) bank annunciators)
- сигналов отказа (бсо) — failure signal unit
- сидений (кресел, двух-трехместный) — (double-, triple-place) seat unit
- скоростных гироскопов — rate gyro unit/group/
- собранный на транзисторах — transistorized unit
- согласования (автопилота) — synchronizer
- согласования (сарпп) — signal conditioning unit
- согласования (сист. высотноскоростных параметров) — synchronizer
- согласования курса (бск, сист. бскв) — heading synchronizer
- согласующих устройств (бсу, системы мсрп) — signal conditioning unit
- сопряжения антенн (системы омега) — antenna coupler unit (acu)
- специализированного питания (бсп, инерциональной системы) — power unit
- сравнения — comparator
- сравнения гировертикалей (бсг) — vertical gyro comparator, vg comparator
- сравнения сигналов компасов — compass signal comparator
- страниц — page block

а normal blank page within a page block (e.g. the back of a fold-out page) shall be identified as follows. pages 823/824 (ata-1oo, 1-1-1, p.2)
- страниц раздела технология обслуживания, включает: обслуживание (стр. 301-400) демонтаж/монтаж (стр. 401-500) регулировка/испытание (стр. 501-600) осмотр/проверка (стр. 601-700) очистка/окраска (стр. 701-800) 1 текущий ремонт (стр. 801-900) — maintenance practices page number blocks are as follows: servicing (pages 301-400) removal/installation (401-500) adjustment/test (501-600) inspection/check (601-700) cleaning/painting (701-800) approved repairs (801-900)
- страниц, стандартный — standard page number block

standard page number blocks to be used for the maintenance manual are as follows:
(напр. описание и работа стр. 1-1oo — description and operation, pages 1 to 100
отыскание неисправности стр. 101-200 и т.д.) — trouble shooting, pages 101-200

maintenance practices, pages 201-300 servicing pages 301-400 (ata-1oo, 2-1-1 p.2)
- суммарного измерения (топливомера (бси) — fuel quantity totalizer
- суммарной сигнализации (топливомера) (бсс) — total fuel indication unit
- (-) схема — block diagram
блок-схемы используются в описательной части руководств для общего ознакомления с работой и соединениями сложной эпектрической или электронной системы (рис. 95). — the block diagram shall be used in the descriptive portion of the manuals to simplify complex circuits to understand the system function and operation.
- (-) схема (подрисуночная надпись, напр. "блоксхема доплеровекого измерителя) — block schematic туре 72 doppler - block schematic
- топливомера (электронный) — fuel quantity unit
- тормоза (колеса) — brake unit
- траекторного управления (бту системы сту) — flight director unit, fd unit
- трансформаторно-выпрямительный — transformer-rectifier unit (tr, tru, t/r;
-, укладочный (для кислородной маски и шланга) — (oxygen mask) container
-, унифицированный (уб для pc) — rocket pod (rkt pod)
- управления — control unit
- управления и индикации (нав. сист. "омега") — control display unit (cdu)
- управления и индикации расстояния до пункта назначения и отклонения от курса — along/across track display controller
- управления сигнализацией — warning system control unit
- усилителя сервопривода крена (бус крена) — aileron servo amplifier (unit)
- усилителя сервопривода тангажа (бус тангажа) — elevator servo amplifier (unit)
- усилителей сервоприводов (бус, автопилота) — servo amplifier unit, autopilot amplifier unit

provides power outputs to drive the control surface servos.
-, усилительный (автопилота) — autopilot amplifier
-, усилительный, крена (тангажа, рыскания) — roll (pitch, yaw) channel amplifier unit
- формирования (сигналов) и контроля — signal conditioning and monitor unit
бфк, формирует сигналы h, m, vпр) и вырабат. сигналы отказа датчиков
-, функционально-законченный — definite-purpose unit
- центровки самолета (сист. топливомера) (бцс) — fuel equalizer
- цилиндров — cylinder block
соединение нескольких цилиндров в общем конструктивном узле
- цилиндров (тормоза колеса) (рис. 32) — cylinder block
силовой узел тормоза, воздействующий при подаче давления на нажимной диск, сжимающий тормозные (вращающиеся и неподвижные) диски, — the two sets of four piston and cylinder assemblies are incorporated in the torque plate of the cylinder block to provide fully dupplicated and independent application of brake.
- чередования фаз (бчф) — phase-sequence (relay) unit
- электроники (бэ, инерц. сист.) — electronic unit

Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > блок
4 turn

turn [tɜ:n]

tourner ⇒ 1A (a), 1B (a), 1B (d), 1C (d), 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (f) faire tourner ⇒ 1A (a) retourner ⇒ 1B (a) changer ⇒ 1C (a) faire devenir ⇒ 1C (a) se tourner ⇒ 2 (a) se retourner ⇒ 2 (b) devenir ⇒ 2 (d) se changer ⇒ 2 (e) tour ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (d), 3 (f), 3 (g) tournant ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) virage ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) tournure ⇒ 3 (d)

1 transitive verb

A.

(a) (cause to rotate, move round) tourner; (shaft, axle) faire tourner, faire pivoter; (direct) diriger;

∎ she turned the key in the lock (to lock) elle a donné un tour de clé (à la porte), elle a fermé la porte à clé; (to unlock) elle a ouvert la porte avec la clé;

∎ turn the wheel all the way round faites faire un tour complet à la roue;

∎ Cars to turn the (steering) wheel tourner le volant;

∎ turn the knob to the right tournez le bouton vers la droite;

∎ turn the knob to "record" mettez le bouton en position "enregistrer";

∎ she turned the oven to its highest setting elle a allumé ou mis le four à la température maximum;

∎ she turned her chair towards the window elle a tourné sa chaise face à la fenêtre;

∎ he turned the car into the drive il a engagé la voiture dans l'allée;

∎ we turned our steps homeward nous avons dirigé nos pas vers la maison;

∎ turn your head this way tournez la tête de ce côté

(b) figurative (change orientation of)

∎ she turned the conversation to sport elle a orienté la conversation vers le sport;

∎ their votes could turn the election in his favour leurs voix pourraient faire basculer les élections en sa faveur;

∎ he would not be turned from his decision to resign il n'y a pas eu moyen de le faire revenir sur sa décision de démissionner;

∎ nothing would turn the rebels from their cause rien ne pourrait détourner les rebelles de leur cause;

∎ you've turned my whole family against me vous avez monté toute ma famille contre moi;

∎ we turned his joke against him nous avons retourné la plaisanterie contre lui;

∎ let's turn our attention to the matter in hand occupons-nous de l'affaire en question;

∎ she turned her attention to the problem elle s'est concentrée sur le problème;

∎ to turn one's thoughts to God tourner ses pensées vers Dieu;

∎ research workers have turned the theory to practical use les chercheurs ont mis la théorie en pratique;

∎ how can we turn this policy to our advantage or account? comment tirer parti de cette politique?, comment tourner cette politique à notre avantage?;

∎ to turn one's back on sb tourner le dos à qn;

∎ she looked at the letter the minute his back was turned dès qu'il a eu le dos tourné, elle a jeté un coup d'œil à la lettre;

∎ how can you turn your back on your own family? comment peux-tu abandonner ta famille?;

∎ she turned her back on her friends elle a tourné le dos à ses amis;

∎ to turn one's back on the past tourner la page, tourner le dos au passé;

∎ she was so pretty that she turned heads wherever she went elle était si jolie que tout le monde se retournait sur son passage;

∎ success had not turned his head la réussite ne lui avait pas tourné la tête, il ne s'était pas laissé griser par la réussite;

∎ all their compliments had turned her head tous leurs compliments lui étaient montés à la tête ou lui avaient tourné la tête;

∎ to turn the tables on sb reprendre l'avantage sur qn;

∎ figurative now the tables are turned maintenant les rôles sont renversés

B.

(a) (flip over → page) tourner; (→ collar, mattress, sausages, soil, hay) retourner;

∎ the very thought of food turns my stomach l'idée même de manger me soulève le cœur;

∎ to turn sth on its head bouleverser qch, mettre qch sens dessus dessous;

∎ recent events have turned the situation on its head les événements récents ont retourné la situation

(b) (send away)

∎ he turned the beggar from his door il a chassé le mendiant;

∎ they turned the poachers off their land ils ont chassé les braconniers de leurs terres

(c) (release, let loose)

∎ he turned the cattle into the field il a fait rentrer le bétail dans le champ

(d) (go round → corner) tourner

(e) (reach → in age, time) passer, franchir;

∎ I had just turned twenty je venais d'avoir vingt ans;

∎ she's turned thirty elle a trente ans passés, elle a dépassé le cap de la trentaine;

∎ it has only just turned four o'clock il est quatre heures passées de quelques secondes

(f) (do, perform) faire;

∎ the skater turned a circle on the ice la patineuse a décrit un cercle sur la glace;

∎ to turn a cartwheel faire la roue

(g) (ankle) tordre;

∎ I've turned my ankle je me suis tordu la cheville

C.

(a) (transform, change) changer, transformer; (make) faire devenir, rendre;

∎ to turn sth into sth transformer ou changer qch en qch;

∎ bitterness turned their love into hate l'amertume a transformé leur amour en haine;

∎ she turned the remark into a joke elle a tourné la remarque en plaisanterie;

∎ they're turning the book into a film ils adaptent le livre pour l'écran;

∎ the sight turned his heart to ice le spectacle lui a glacé le cœur ou l'a glacé;

∎ Stock Exchange you should turn your shares into cash vous devriez réaliser vos actions;

∎ time had turned the pages yellow le temps avait jauni les pages

(b) (make bad, affect)

∎ the lemon juice turned the milk (sour) le jus de citron a fait tourner le lait

(c) American Commerce (goods) promouvoir la vente de; (money) gagner;

∎ to turn a good profit faire de gros bénéfices;

∎ he turns an honest penny il gagne sa vie honnêtement;

∎ familiar he was out to turn a fast buck il cherchait à gagner ou faire du fric facilement

(d) Technology (shape) tourner, façonner au tour;

∎ a well-turned leg une jambe bien faite;

∎ figurative to turn a phrase faire des phrases

2 intransitive verb

(a) (move round → handle, key, wheel) tourner; (→ shaft) tourner, pivoter; (→ person) se tourner;

∎ to turn on an axis tourner autour d'un axe;

∎ the crane turned (through) 180° la grue a pivoté de 180°;

∎ the key won't turn la clé ne tourne pas;

∎ he turned right round il a fait volte-face;

∎ they turned towards me ils se sont tournés vers moi ou de mon côté;

∎ they turned from the gruesome sight ils se sont détournés de cet horrible spectacle;

∎ turn (round) and face the front tourne-toi et regarde devant toi

(b) (flip over → page) tourner; (→ car, person, ship) se retourner;

∎ figurative the smell made my stomach turn l'odeur m'a soulevé le cœur

(c) (change direction → person) tourner; (→ vehicle) tourner, virer; (→ luck, wind) tourner, changer; (→ river, road) faire un coude; (→ tide) changer de direction;

∎ turn (to the) right (walking) tournez à droite; (driving) tournez ou prenez à droite;

∎ Military right turn! à droite!;

∎ we turned towards town nous nous sommes dirigés vers la ville;

∎ he turned (round) and went back il a fait demi-tour et est revenu sur ses pas;

∎ the road turns south la route tourne vers le sud;

∎ the car turned into our street la voiture a tourné dans notre rue;

∎ we turned onto the main road nous nous sommes engagés dans ou nous avons pris la grand-route;

∎ we turned off the main road nous avons quitté la grand-route;

∎ Stock Exchange the market turned downwards/upwards le marché était à la baisse/à la hausse;

∎ figurative I don't know where or which way to turn je ne sais plus quoi faire

(d) (with adj or noun complement) (become) devenir;

∎ it's turning cold il commence à faire froid;

∎ the weather's turned bad le temps s'est gâté;

∎ the argument turned nasty la dispute s'est envenimée;

∎ she turned angry when he refused elle s'est mise en colère quand il a refusé;

∎ to turn red/blue virer au rouge/bleu;

∎ he turned red il a rougi;

∎ a lawyer turned politician un avocat devenu homme politique;

∎ to turn professional passer ou devenir professionnel;

∎ the whole family turned Muslim toute la famille s'est convertie à l'islam

(e) (transform) se changer, se transformer;

∎ the pumpkin turned into a carriage la citrouille s'est transformée en carrosse;

∎ the rain turned to snow la pluie s'est transformée en neige;

∎ the little girl had turned into a young woman la petite fille était devenue une jeune femme;

∎ their love turned to hate leur amour se changea en haine ou fit place à la haine

(f) (leaf) tourner, jaunir; (milk) tourner;

∎ the weather has turned le temps a changé

3 noun

(a) (revolution, rotation) tour m;

∎ he gave the handle a turn il a tourné la poignée;

∎ give the screw another turn donnez un autre tour de vis;

∎ with a turn of the wrist avec un tour de poignet

(b) (change of course, direction) tournant m; (in skiing) virage m;

∎ to make a right turn (walking) tourner à droite; (driving) tourner ou prendre à droite;

∎ take the second turn on the right prenez la deuxième à droite;

∎ no right turn (sign) défense de tourner à droite;

∎ figurative at every turn à tout instant, à tout bout de champ

(c) (bend, curve in road) virage m, tournant m;

∎ there is a sharp turn to the left la route fait un brusque virage ou tourne brusquement à gauche

(d) (change in state, nature) tour m, tournure f;

∎ the conversation took a new turn la conversation a pris une nouvelle tournure;

∎ it was an unexpected turn of events les événements ont pris une tournure imprévue;

∎ things took a turn for the worse/better les choses se sont aggravées/améliorées;

∎ the patient took a turn for the worse/better l'état du malade s'est aggravé/amélioré;

∎ the situation took a tragic turn la situation a tourné au tragique

(e) (time of change)

∎ at the turn of the year vers la fin de l'année;

∎ at the turn of the century au tournant du siècle

(f) (in game, order, queue) tour m;

∎ it's my turn c'est à moi, c'est mon tour;

∎ whose turn is it? (in queue) (c'est) à qui le tour?; (in game) c'est à qui de jouer?;

∎ it's his turn to do the dishes c'est à lui ou c'est son tour de faire la vaisselle;

∎ you'll have to wait your turn il faudra attendre ton tour;

∎ they laughed and cried by turns ils passaient tour à tour du rire aux larmes;

∎ to take it in turns to do sth faire qch à tour de rôle;

∎ let's take it in turns to drive relayons-nous au volant;

∎ we took turns sleeping on the floor nous avons dormi par terre à tour de rôle;

∎ turn and turn about à tour de rôle

(g) (action, deed)

∎ to do sb a good/bad turn rendre service/jouer un mauvais tour à qn;

∎ he did them a bad turn il leur a joué un mauvais tour;

∎ I've done my good turn for the day j'ai fait ma bonne action de la journée;

∎ proverb one good turn deserves another = un service en vaut un autre, un service rendu en appelle un autre

(h) familiar (attack of illness) crise f, attaque f;

∎ she had one of her (funny) turns this morning elle a eu une de ses crises ce matin

(i) familiar (shock)

∎ you gave me quite a turn! tu m'as fait une sacrée peur!, tu m'as fait une de ces peurs!;

∎ it gave me such a turn! j'ai eu une de ces peurs!

(j) old-fashioned (short trip, ride, walk) tour m;

∎ let's go for or take a turn in the garden allons faire un tour dans le jardin

(k) (tendency, style)

∎ to have an optimistic turn of mind être optimiste de nature ou d'un naturel optimiste;

∎ he has a strange turn of mind il a une drôle de mentalité;

∎ to have a good turn of speed rouler vite;

∎ turn of phrase tournure f ou tour m de phrase;

∎ she has a witty turn of phrase elle est très spirituelle ou pleine d'esprit

(l) (purpose, requirement) exigence f, besoin m;

∎ this book has served its turn ce livre a fait son temps

(m) Music doublé m

(n) Stock Exchange (transaction) transaction f (qui comprend l'achat et la vente); British (difference in price) écart m entre le prix d'achat et le prix de vente

(o) British Theatre numéro m;

∎ a comedy turn un numéro de comédie

(p) British Cookery

∎ done to a turn cuit à point; familiar humorous (tanned) tout bronzé

4 in turn adverb

∎ she interviewed each of us in turn elle a eu un entretien avec chacun de nous l'un après l'autre;

∎ I told Sarah and she in turn told Paul je l'ai dit à Sarah qui, à son tour, l'a dit à Paul;

∎ I worked in turn as a waiter, an actor and a teacher j'ai travaillé successivement ou tour à tour comme serveur, acteur et enseignant

5 on the turn adjective

∎ to be on the turn être sur le point de changer;

∎ the tide is on the turn c'est le changement de marée; figurative le vent tourne;

∎ the milk is on the turn le lait commence à tourner

6 out of turn adverb

∎ don't play out of turn attends ton tour pour jouer;

∎ figurative to speak out of turn faire des remarques déplacées, parler mal à propos

►► (shift) turn of duty (gen) tour m de service; Military tour m de garde;

American turn signal clignotant m, Belgian clignoteur m, Swiss signofil(e) m;

American turn signal lever (manette f de) clignotant m

➲ turn against inseparable transitive verb

se retourner contre, s'en prendre à

➲ turn around = turn round

➲ turn aside

1 intransitive verb

(move to one side) s'écarter; also figurative (move away) se détourner;

∎ she turned aside to blow her nose elle se détourna pour se moucher

2 separable transitive verb

also figurative écarter, détourner

➲ turn away

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (avert) détourner;

∎ she turned her head away from him elle s'est détournée de lui

(b) (reject → person) renvoyer; (stronger) chasser;

∎ the college turned away hundreds of applicants l'université a refusé des centaines de candidats;

∎ she turned the salesman away elle chassa le représentant;

∎ to turn people away (in theatre etc) refuser du monde;

∎ we've been turning business away nous avons refusé du travail

2 intransitive verb

se détourner;

∎ he turned away from them in anger en ou de colère, il leur a tourné le dos

➲ turn back

1 intransitive verb

(a) (return → person) revenir, rebrousser chemin; (→ vehicle) faire demi-tour;

∎ it was getting dark so we decided to turn back comme il commençait à faire nuit, nous avons décidé de faire demi-tour;

∎ my mind is made up, there is no turning back ma décision est prise, je ne reviendrai pas dessus

(b) (go back in book)

∎ turn back to chapter one revenez ou retournez au premier chapitre

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (force to return) faire faire demi-tour à; (refugee) refouler

(b) (fold → collar, sheet) rabattre; (→ sleeves) remonter, retrousser; (→ corner of page) corner

(c) (idiom)

∎ to turn the clock back remonter dans le temps, revenir en arrière

➲ turn down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (heating, lighting, sound) baisser

(b) (fold → sheet) rabattre, retourner; (→ collar) rabattre;

∎ to turn down the corner of a page corner une page;

∎ to turn down the bed ouvrir le lit

(c) (reject → offer, request, suitor) rejeter, repousser; (→ candidate, job) refuser;

∎ they offered him a job but he turned them down ils lui ont proposé un emploi mais il a rejeté leur offre;

∎ familiar she turned me down flat elle m'a envoyé balader

2 intransitive verb

(move downwards) tourner vers le bas;

∎ the corners of his mouth turned down il a fait la moue ou une grimace désapprobatrice

➲ turn in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (return, give in → borrowed article, equipment, piece of work) rendre, rapporter; (→ criminal) livrer à la police;

∎ they turned the thief in (took him to the police) ils ont livré le voleur à la police; (informed on him) ils ont dénoncé le voleur à la police

(b) (fold in)

∎ turn in the edges rentrez les bords

(c) (produce)

∎ the actor turned in a good performance l'acteur a très bien joué;

∎ the company turned in record profits l'entreprise a fait des bénéfices record

2 intransitive verb

(a) (feet, toes)

∎ my toes turn in j'ai les pieds en dedans

(b) (go through entrance off road etc)

∎ he turned in at the gate arrivé à la porte, il est entré

(c) familiar (go to bed) se coucher^□

(d) (idiom)

∎ to turn in on oneself se replier sur soi-même

➲ turn off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (switch off → light) éteindre; (→ heater, radio, television) éteindre, fermer; (cut off at mains) couper; (tap) fermer;

∎ she turned the ignition/engine off elle a coupé le contact/arrêté le moteur

(b) familiar (fail to interest) rebuter^□ ; (sexually) couper l'envie à; (repulse) débecter;

∎ her superior attitude really turns me off son air suffisant me rebute

2 intransitive verb

(a) (leave road) tourner;

∎ we turned off at junction 5 nous avons pris la sortie d'autoroute 5

(b) (switch off) s'éteindre;

∎ the heater turns off automatically l'appareil de chauffage s'éteint ou s'arrête automatiquement

➲ turn on

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (switch on → electricity, heating, light, radio, television) allumer; (→ engine) mettre en marche; (→ water) faire couler; (→ tap) ouvrir; (open at mains) ouvrir;

∎ figurative she can turn on the charm/the tears whenever necessary elle sait faire du charme/pleurer quand il le faut

(b) familiar (person → interest) intéresser^□ ; (→ sexually) exciter; (→ introduce to drugs) initier à la drogue^□ ;

∎ to be turned on (sexually) être excité;

∎ the movie didn't turn me on at all le film ne m'a vraiment pas emballé;

∎ he turned us on to this new pianist il nous a fait découvrir ce nouveau pianiste

2 inseparable transitive verb

(attack) attaquer;

∎ the dogs turned on him les chiens l'ont attaqué ou se sont jetés sur lui;

∎ his colleagues turned on him and accused him of stealing ses collègues s'en sont pris à lui et l'ont accusé de vol

3 intransitive verb

(take drugs) se droguer

4 intransitive verb

(a) (switch on) s'allumer;

∎ the oven turns on automatically le four s'allume automatiquement

(b) (depend, hinge on) dépendre de, reposer sur;

∎ the whole case turned on or upon this detail toute l'affaire reposait sur ce détail;

∎ everything turns on whether he continues as president tout dépend s'il reste président ou non

➲ turn out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (switch off → light) éteindre; (→ gas) éteindre, couper

(b) (point outwards)

∎ she turns her toes out when she walks elle marche en canard

(c) (dismiss, expel) mettre à la porte; (tenant) expulser, déloger;

∎ he turned his daughter out of the house il a mis sa fille à la porte ou a chassé sa fille de la maison;

∎ he was turned out of his job il a été renvoyé

(d) (empty → container, pockets) retourner, vider; (→ contents) vider; (→ jelly) verser;

∎ turn the cake out onto a plate démoulez le gâteau sur une assiette

(e) British (clean) nettoyer à fond;

∎ to turn out a room faire une pièce à fond

(f) (produce) produire, fabriquer;

∎ he turns out a book a year il écrit un livre par an;

∎ few schools turn out the kind of people we need peu d'écoles forment le type de gens qu'il nous faut

(g) (police, troops) envoyer;

∎ turn out the guard! faites sortir la garde!

(h) (usu passive) (dress) habiller;

∎ nicely or smartly turned out élégant;

∎ he was turned out in a suit and a tie il portait un costume-cravate;

∎ she always turns her children out beautifully elle habille toujours bien ses enfants

2 intransitive verb

(a) (show up) venir, arriver; Military (guard) (aller) prendre la faction; (troops) aller au rassemblement;

∎ thousands turned out for the concert des milliers de gens sont venus ou ont assisté au concert;

∎ the doctor had to turn out in the middle of the night le docteur a dû se déplacer au milieu de la nuit

(b) (car, person) sortir, partir;

∎ the car turned out of the car park la voiture est sortie du parking

(c) (point outwards)

∎ my feet turn out j'ai les pieds en canard ou en dehors

(d) (prove) se révéler, s'avérer;

∎ his statement turned out to be false sa déclaration s'est révélée fausse;

∎ her story turned out to be true ce qu'elle a raconté était vrai;

∎ he turned out to be a scoundrel il s'est révélé être un vaurien, on s'est rendu compte que c'était un vaurien;

∎ it turns out that… il se trouve que… + indicative

(e) (end up)

∎ I don't know how it turned out je ne sais pas comment cela a fini;

∎ how did the cake turn out? le gâteau était-il réussi?;

∎ the story turned out happily l'histoire s'est bien terminée ou a bien fini;

∎ the evening turned out badly la soirée a mal tourné;

∎ everything will turn out fine tout va s'arranger ou ira bien;

∎ as it turns out, he needn't have worried en l'occurrence ou en fin de compte, ce n'était pas la peine de se faire du souci

(f) British familiar (get out of bed) se lever^□, sortir du lit^□

➲ turn over

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (playing card, mattress, person, stone) retourner; (page) tourner; (vehicle) retourner; (boat) faire chavirer;

∎ I was turning over the pages of the magazine je feuilletais la revue;

∎ figurative to turn over a new leaf s'acheter une conduite;

∎ Agriculture to turn over the soil retourner la terre

(b) (consider) réfléchir à ou sur;

∎ I was turning the idea over in my mind je tournais et retournais ou ruminais l'idée dans ma tête

(c) (hand over, transfer) rendre, remettre;

∎ he turned the responsibility over to his deputy il s'est déchargé de la responsabilité sur son adjoint;

∎ to turn sb over to the authorities livrer qn aux autorités

(d) (change) transformer, changer;

∎ he's turning the land over to cattle farming il reconvertit sa terre dans l'élevage du bétail

(e) Commerce

∎ the store turns over £1,000 a week la boutique fait un chiffre d'affaires de 1000 livres par semaine

(f) (search through) fouiller

(g) British familiar (rob → person) voler^□, dévaliser^□ ; (→ store) dévaliser^□ ; (→ house) cambrioler^□

2 intransitive verb

(a) (roll over → person) se retourner; (→ vehicle) se retourner, faire un tonneau; (→ boat) se retourner, chavirer

(b) (engine) commencer à tourner

(c) (when reading) tourner;

∎ please turn over (in letter) TSVP

(d) Television (change channel) changer de chaîne

(e) Commerce (merchandise) s'écouler, se vendre

➲ turn round

1 intransitive verb British

(a) (rotate → person) se retourner; (→ object) tourner;

∎ she turned round and waved goodbye elle se retourna et dit au revoir de la main;

∎ the dancers turned round and round les danseurs tournaient ou tournoyaient (sur eux-mêmes)

(b) (face opposite direction → person) faire volte-face, faire demi-tour; (→ vehicle) faire demi-tour;

∎ figurative she turned round and accused us of stealing elle s'est retournée contre nous et nous a accusés de vol

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (rotate → head) tourner; (→ object, person) tourner, retourner; (→ vehicle) faire faire demi-tour à;

∎ could you turn the car round please? tu peux faire demi-tour, s'il te plaît?

(b) (quantity of work) traiter

(c) (change nature of)

∎ to turn a situation round renverser une situation;

∎ Commerce to turn a company round sauver une entreprise de la faillite

(d) (sentence, idea) retourner

➲ turn to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (person) se tourner vers; (→ page) aller à;

∎ turn to chapter one allez au premier chapitre

(b) (seek help from) s'adresser à, se tourner vers;

∎ to turn to sb for advice consulter qn, demander conseil à qn;

∎ I don't know who to turn to je ne sais pas à qui m'adresser ou qui aller trouver;

∎ he turned to his mother for sympathy il s'est tourné vers sa mère pour qu'elle le console;

∎ she won't turn to me for help elle ne veut pas me demander de l'aide;

∎ he turned to the bottle il s'est mis à boire

(c) figurative (shift, move on to)

∎ her thoughts turned to her sister elle se mit à penser à sa sœur;

∎ the discussion turned to the war on se mit à discuter de la guerre

(d) (address → subject, issue etc) aborder, traiter;

∎ we shall now turn to the problem of housing nous allons maintenant aborder le problème du logement;

∎ let us turn to another topic passons à un autre sujet

➲ turn up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (heat, lighting, radio, TV) mettre plus fort;

∎ to turn the sound up augmenter ou monter le volume;

∎ she turned the oven up elle a mis ou réglé le four plus fort, elle a augmenté la température du four;

∎ British very familiar turn it up! la ferme!

(b) (find, unearth) découvrir, dénicher; (buried object) déterrer;

∎ her research turned up some interesting new facts sa recherche a révélé de nouveaux détails intéressants

(c) (point upwards) remonter, relever;

∎ she has a turned-up nose elle a le nez retroussé

(d) (collar) relever; (trousers) remonter; (sleeve) retrousser, remonter; (in order to shorten) raccourcir en faisant un ourlet

(e) (uncover → card) retourner

2 intransitive verb

(a) (appear) apparaître; (arrive) arriver;

∎ she turned up at my office this morning elle s'est présentée à mon bureau ce matin;

∎ he'll turn up again one of these days il reviendra bien un de ces jours;

∎ I'll take the first job that turns up je prendrai le premier poste qui se présentera

(b) (be found) être trouvé ou retrouvé;

∎ her bag turned up eventually elle a fini par retrouver son sac

(c) (happen) se passer, arriver;

∎ don't worry, something will turn up ne t'en fais pas, tu finiras par trouver quelque chose;

∎ until something better turns up en attendant mieux

✾ Book ✾ Music 'The Turn of the Screw' James, Britten 'Le Tour d'écrou'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > turn
5 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
6 turn

turn ⇒ Street directions

A n

1 (opportunity, in rotation) tour m ; to wait one's turn attendre son tour ; it's my turn gen c'est mon tour ; ( in game) c'est à moi de jouer ; whose turn is it? gen c'est à qui le tour? ; ( in game) c'est à qui de jouer? ; ‘miss a turn’ ‘passez votre tour’ ; to be sb's turn to do être à qn or au tour de qn de faire ; it's your turn to make the coffee c'est à toi or à ton tour de faire le café ; it was his turn to feel rejected il se sentait rejeté à son tour ; to have a turn on or at or with the computer utiliser l'ordinateur à son tour ; to have a turn at driving prendre son tour de conduite ; to take turns at doing, to take it in turns to do faire qch à tour de rôle ; to do sth turn and turn about faire qch à tour de rôle ; take it in turns! chacun son tour! ; by turns tour à tour ; to feel happy and depressed by turns être tour à tour heureux et malheureux ; to speak out of turn fig commettre un impair ; I hope I haven't spoken out of turn j'espère ne pas avoir commis d'impair ;

2 ( circular movement) tour m ; to give sth a turn tourner qch ; to give sth half a turn to the left faire tourner qch d'un demi-tour vers la gauche ; to do a turn [dancer] faire un tour ; to take a turn in the park faire un tour dans le parc ;

3 ( in vehicle) virage m ; a 90° turn un virage à 90° ; to make ou do a left/right turn tourner à gauche/à droite ; to do a turn in the road faire un demi-tour ; ‘no left turn’ ‘défense de tourner à gauche’ ;

4 (bend, side road) tournant m, virage m ; there's a left turn ahead il y a un tournant or virage à gauche plus loin ; brake before you go into the turn freinez avant de prendre le virage ; take the next right turn, take the next turn on the right prenez la prochaine (rue) à droite ;

5 (change, development) tournure f ; the turn of events la tournure des événements ; this is an extraordinary turn of events les événements ont pris une tournure extraordinaire ; to take an encouraging/a worrying turn [events] prendre une tournure encourageante/inquiétante ; to take a turn for the better [person, situation] s'améliorer ; [things, events] prendre une meilleure tournure ; to take a turn for the worse [situation] se dégrader ; [health] s'aggraver ; she has taken a turn for the worse elle va de plus en plus mal ; to be on the turn [luck, milk] commencer à tourner ; [tide] commencer à changer ; ⇒ century ;

6 ○ GB ( attack) crise f, attaque f ; she's had one of her turns again elle a eu une nouvelle crise or attaque ; a giddy ou dizzy turn un vertige ; to have a funny turn se sentir tout/-e chose ○ ; it gave me quite a turn, it gave me a nasty turn ça m'a fait un coup ○ ;

7 ( act) numéro m ; a comic/variety turn un numéro comique/de variété ; to do a/one's turn faire un/son numéro.

B in turn adv phr

1 ( in rotation) [answer, speak] à tour de rôle ; she spoke to each of us in turn elle nous a parlé chacun à notre tour ;

2 ( linking sequence) à son tour ; this in turn leads to higher inflation ceci à son tour fait augmenter l'inflation ; I invited Andrew who in turn invited Robert j'ai invité Andrew qui à son tour a invité Robert.

C vtr

1 ( rotate) [person] tourner [knob, wheel, handle] ; serrer [screw] ; [mechanism] faire tourner [cog, wheel] ; to turn sth to the right/left tourner qch vers la droite/gauche ; to turn sth to ‘on’/‘off’ tourner qch sur (la position) ‘marche’/‘arrêt’ ; to turn a switch through 90 degrees faire tourner un sélecteur de 90 degrés ; to turn sth halfway/the wrong way tourner qch d'un demi-tour/dans le mauvais sens ; to turn the key in the door ou lock ( lock up) fermer la porte à clé ; ( unlock) tourner la clé dans la serrure ; to turn the key on sb enfermer qn à clé ;

2 (turn over, reverse) retourner [mattress, soil, steak, collar] ; tourner [page] ; to turn sb onto his side/back retourner qn sur le côté/dos ; to turn one's ankle se tordre la cheville ; it turns my stomach cela me soulève le cœur, cela m'écœure ;

3 ( change direction of) tourner [chair, head, face, car] ; to turn a picture to the wall tourner un tableau face au mur ; to turn one's face towards tourner le visage vers ; to turn one's steps towards tourner or diriger ses pas vers ; to turn one's attention ou mind to tourner son attention vers ; to turn one's back on lit tourner le dos à [group, place] ; fig laisser tomber [friend, ally] ; abandonner [homeless, needy] ; as soon as my back is turned lit, fig dès que j'ai le dos tourné ; to turn one' s back on the past tourner la page ; to turn sb from one's door chasser qn ;

4 (focus, direction of) to turn sth on sb braquer qch sur qn [gun, hose, torch] ; fig diriger qch sur qn [anger, scorn] ;

5 ( transform) to turn sth white/black blanchir/noircir qch ; to turn sth milky/opaque rendre qch laiteux/opaque ; to turn sth into transformer qch en [office, car park, desert] ; to turn water into ice/wine changer de l'eau en glace/vin ; to turn a book into a film adapter un livre pour l'écran ; turn your old newspapers into cash! convertissez vos vieux journaux en argent! ; to turn sb into [magician] changer qn en [frog] ; [experience] faire de qn [extrovert, maniac] ; it turned him from a normal child into a delinquent cela a transformé l'enfant normal qu'il était en délinquant ; to stand there as if turned to stone rester là comme pétrifié ;

6 ( deflect) détourner [person, conversation] ; to turn the conversation towards ou onto sth détourner or faire dévier la conversation vers qch ; to turn sb from a course of action/from her purpose détourner qn d'une ligne de conduite/de son but ;

7 ○ ( pass the age of) he has turned 50 il a 50 ans passés ; she has just turned 20/30 elle vient d'avoir 20/30 ans ; as soon as I turn 18 dès que j'aurai mes 18 ans ; it's just turned five o'clock il est cinq heures passées ;

8 Ind ( on lathe) tourner [wood, piece, spindle] ;

9 fig ( fashion) to turn an elegant sentence tourner une phrase élégante ;

10 ( in espionage) retourner [spy, agent].

D vi

1 ( change direction) [person, car, plane, road] tourner ; [ship] virer ; to turn (to the) left/right tourner à gauche/droite ; to turn to the east/the west tourner à l'est/l'ouest ; to turn down ou into tourner dans [street, alley] ; to turn off quitter [main road, street] ; to turn towards tourner en direction de [village, mountains] ; I turned towards home j'ai repris le chemin de la maison ; her thoughts turned to her family ses pensées se sont tournées vers sa famille ; the conversation turned to Ellie on en est venu/ils en sont venus à parler d'Ellie ; he later turned to teaching plus tard il s'est tourné vers l'enseignement ;

2 ( reverse direction) [person, vehicle] faire demi-tour ; [tide] changer ; [luck] tourner ; there's no room for the bus to turn le bus n'a pas assez de place pour faire demi- tour ; ‘no turning’ ( in driveway) ‘propriété privée, défense d'entrer’ ; ⇒ turn around ;

3 ( revolve) [key, wheel, planet] tourner ; [person] se tourner (to, towards vers) ; to turn on its axis tourner sur son axe ; a key turned in the lock une clé a tourné dans la serrure ; to turn in one's chair se retourner dans sa chaise ; to turn and face the camera se tourner vers la caméra ; to turn and walk out of the room faire demi-tour et sortir de la pièce ; to turn to do se retourner pour faire ; to turn to face sth se retourner vers qch ; to turn and fight se retourner pour se battre ; to turn to lie on one's side se tourner pour se mettre sur le côté ; I turned once again to my book/my work j'ai repris encore une fois ma lecture/mon travail ;

4 fig ( hinge) to turn on [argument] tourner autour de [point, issue] ; [outcome] dépendre de [factor] ;

5 ( spin round angrily) to turn on sb [dog] attaquer qn ; [person] se retourner contre qn ;

6 fig (resort to, rely on) to turn to se tourner vers [person, religion] ; to turn to drink se mettre à boire ; to turn to drugs commencer à se droguer ; to turn to sb for se tourner vers qn pour demander [help, advice, money] ; I don't know who to turn to for advice je ne sais vers qui me tourner pour demander conseil ; I don't know where ou which way to turn je ne sais plus où donner la tête ○ ;

7 ( change) to turn into [tadpole] se transformer en [frog] ; [sofa] se transformer en [bed] ; [situation, evening] tourner à [farce, disaster] ; [conversation] tourner à [shouting match] ; ( magically) [person] se transformer en [animal, prince etc] ; to turn to [substance] se changer en [ice, gold etc] ; [fear, surprise] faire place à [horror, relief] ; his hopes had turned to dust ses espoirs étaient réduits en poussière ;

8 ( become by transformation) devenir [pale, cloudy, green] ; to turn white/black/red gen blanchir/noircir/rougir ; Chem virer au blanc/noir/rouge ; the weather is turning cold/warm le temps se rafraîchit/se réchauffe ; events turned tragic les événements ont tourné au tragique ;

9 ○ ( have change of heart) devenir [Conservative, Communist] ; businesswoman turned politician ancienne femme d'affaires devenue politicienne ; to turn ○ Catholic/Muslim se convertir au catholicisme/à l'islam ; to turn traitor se mettre à trahir ;

10 ( go sour) [milk] tourner ;

11 [trees, leaves] jaunir.

Idioms

at every turn à chaque instant, à tout moment ; one good turn deserves another Prov c'est un prêté pour un rendu ; to be done to a turn être cuit à point ; to do sb a good turn rendre un service à qn ; to feel another turn of the screw sentir la pression augmenter encore.

Phrasal verbs

■ turn about faire demi-tour ; about turn! Mil demi-tour droite!

■ turn against:

▶ turn against [sb/sth] se retourner contre ;

▶ turn [sb] against retourner [qn] contre [person, ideology].

■ turn around:

▶ turn around

1 ( to face other way) [person] se retourner, faire demi-tour (to do pour faire) ; [bus, vehicle] faire demi-tour ;

2 fig you can't just turn around and say you've changed your mind tu ne peux pas tout simplement dire que tu as changé d'avis ; what if he just turns around and says no? et si jamais il disait non? ;

3 (revolve, rotate) [object, windmill, dancer] tourner ;

4 ( change trend) the market has turned around il y a eu un renversement de situation sur le marché ; sales have turned round il y a eu un renversement de tendance dans les ventes ;

5 Transp ( unload and reload) décharger et charger ;

▶ turn [sth] around, turn around [sth]

1 ( to face other way) tourner [qch] dans l'autre sens [car, chair, piano, head, baby] ;

2 ( reverse decline in) redresser [situation, economy, company] ; redresser la situation de [political party, factory] ;

3 Transp ( unload and reload) décharger et mettre en état de repartir [plane, ship] ; the plane can be turned around in an hour l'avion peut être déchargé et prêt à reprendre l'air en une heure ;

4 ( rephrase) reformuler [question, sentence].

■ turn aside se détourner (from de).

■ turn away:

▶ turn away se détourner ; to turn away in disgust/horror se détourner avec dégoût/horreur ;

▶ turn [sth] away, turn away [sth] détourner [head, torch] ;

▶ turn [sb] away, turn away [sb] refuser [spectator, applicant] ; ne pas laisser entrer [salesman, caller] ; chasser [beggar] ; I was turned away from the Ritz on ne m'a pas laissé entrer au Ritz.

■ turn back:

▶ turn back

1 ( turn around) ( usu on foot) rebrousser chemin ; ( usu in vehicle) faire demi-tour ; it's too late to turn back lit il est trop tard pour faire demi-tour ; fig il est trop tard pour revenir en arrière ; there's no turning back fig il n'est pas question de revenir en arrière ;

2 ( in book) revenir (to à) ;

▶ turn [sth] back, turn back [sth]

1 ( rotate backwards) reculer [dial, clock] ; to turn one's watch back five minutes retarder sa montre de cinq minutes ;

2 ( fold back) rabattre [sheet, lapel] ; replier [corner, page] ;

▶ turn [sb] back, turn back [sb] faire faire demi-tour à, refouler [marchers, refugees, heavy vehicles] ; to be turned back at the border être refoulé à la frontière.

■ turn down:

▶ turn down [graph, curve] descendre ; his mouth turns down at the corners il a une bouche aux commissures tombantes ;

▶ turn [sth] down, turn down [sth]

1 ( reduce) baisser [volume, radio, heating, light, gas] ;

2 ( fold over) rabattre [sheet, collar] ; retourner [corner of page] ; corner [page] ;

▶ turn [sb/sth] down, turn down [sb/sth] refuser [suitor, candidate, request, application] ; rejeter [offer, suggestion].

■ turn in:

▶ turn in

1 ○ ( go to bed) aller se coucher ;

2 ( point inwards) his toes turn in il a les pieds tournés en dedans ; to turn in on itself [leaf, page] se recroqueviller ; to turn in on oneself fig se replier sur soi-même ;

▶ turn in [sth], turn [sth] in ○

1 ( hand in) rendre [membership, badge, homework] ;

2 ( produce) to turn in a profit rapporter un bénéfice ; to turn in a good performance [player] bien jouer ; [company] avoir de bons résultats ; [currency, share] augmenter ;

3 (give up, stop) laisser tomber ○ [job, activity] ;

▶ turn [sb] in, turn in [sb] livrer [suspect] (to à) ;

▶ turn oneself in se livrer.

■ turn off:

▶ turn off

1 ( leave road) tourner ; turn off at the next exit prends la prochaine sortie ;

2 [motor, fan] s'arrêter ; where does the light turn off? où est-ce qu'on éteint la lumière? ;

▶ turn off [sth], turn [sth] off éteindre [light, oven, TV, radio, computer] ; fermer [tap] ; couper [water, gas, electricity, engine] ; turn that rubbish off! ○ éteins-moi ça! ○ ;

▶ turn [sb] off ○ rebuter, dégoûter ○ ; to turn sb off sth dégoûter qn de [sex, food].

■ turn on:

▶ turn on [oven, device] s'allumer ;

▶ turn on [sth], turn [sth] on allumer [light, oven, TV, radio, computer, gas, electricity] ; ouvrir [tap] ; to turn the water back on rouvrir l'eau ; to turn the electricity back on rétablir le courant ; to turn sth on like a tap fig faire qch sur commande ; to turn on the pressure fig mettre la pression ; ⇒ charm, heat ;

▶ turn [sb] on, turn on [sb] ○ exciter ; to be turned on être excité (by par) ; to turn sb on to sth ○ brancher ○ qn sur [drug].

■ turn out:

▶ turn out

1 ( be eventually) to turn out well/badly bien/mal se terminer ; to turn out differently prendre une tournure différente ; to turn out all right s'arranger ; it depends how things turn out cela dépend de la façon dont les choses vont tourner ; that child will turn out badly cet enfant tournera mal ; to turn out to be ( prove to be) se révéler, s'avérer être ; to turn out to be wrong se révéler faux ; the job turned out (to be) difficult finalement le travail a été difficile, le travail s'est avéré difficile fml ; it turned out to be a good decision finalement cela a été une bonne décision, cela s'est avéré être une bonne décision fml ; it turns out that il se trouve que, il s'avère que ; it turned out (that) she knew him il s'est trouvé qu'elle le connaissait ; as it turned out en fin de compte ;

2 ( come out) [crowd, people] venir (to do pour faire ; for à) ; the fans turn out every Saturday les fans sont là tous les samedis ; we had to turn out at six GB il fallait être là à six heures ;

3 ( point outwards) his toes ou feet turn out il a les pieds tournés en dehors ;

▶ turn [sth] out, turn out [sth]

1 ( turn off) éteindre [light] ;

2 ( empty) retourner, vider [pocket, bag] ; Culin démouler [mousse, mould] ;

3 ( produce) fabriquer [goods] ; former [scientists, graduates] ; sortir [novel, script, poem] ;

4 to turn one's toes ou feet out marcher en canard ;

▶ turn [sb] out, turn out [sb]

1 ( evict) mettre [qn] à la porte ; to turn sb out into the street jeter qn à la rue ;

2 GB ( send) envoyer [guard, police, troops].

■ turn over:

▶ turn over

1 ( roll over) [person] se retourner ; [car] se retourner, faire un tonneau ; [boat] se retourner, chavirer ; to turn over and over [person, object] faire plusieurs tours ; [car] faire plusieurs tonneaux ;

2 ( turn page) tourner la page ;

3 [engine] se mettre en marche ;

▶ turn [sth/sb] over, turn over [sth/sb]

1 ( turn) tourner [page, paper] ; retourner [card, object, mattress, soil, baby, patient] ; faire chavirer [ship] ; he turned the car over sa voiture a fait un tonneau ;

2 ( hand over) remettre [object, money, find, papers] (to à) ; livrer [person, fugitive] (to à) ; remettre la succession de [company, business] (to à) ; transmettre [control, power] (to à) ; I'm turning the new recruits over to you les nouvelles recrues sont à vous ;

3 ( reflect) I've been turning it over in my mind j'y ai bien réfléchi ;

4 ○ GB ( rob) cambrioler [shop, place] ; I have been turned over on m'a cambriolé ;

5 Fin ( have turnover of) [company] faire un chiffre d'affaires de [amount] ;

6 [battery, starter motor] faire tourner [engine].

■ turn round GB = turn around.

■ turn to† GB se mettre au travail, s'y mettre.

■ turn up:

▶ turn up

1 (arrive, show up) arriver, se pointer ○ (to, at à ; for pour) ; to turn up late arriver en retard ; to turn up in jeans se pointer ○ en jean ; she didn't turn up elle ne s'est pas pointée ○ ; guess who turned up at the station devine qui s'est pointé ○ à la gare ;

2 ( be found) don't worry-it will turn up ne t'inquiète pas-tu finiras par le retrouver ;

3 ( present itself) [opportunity, job] se présenter ; something will turn up (for me/for you etc) je finirai/tu finiras etc par trouver quelque chose ;

4 ( point up) [corner, edge] se remonter, être relevé ; his nose turns up il a le nez retroussé ;

5 ( take upturn) [economy, market] se redresser ; [investment, sales, profits] remonter ;

▶ turn up [sth], turn [sth] up

1 (increase, intensify) augmenter [heating, lighting, volume, gas] ; mettre [qch] plus fort [TV, radio, music] ;

2 ( point up) remonter, relever [collar] ; a turned-up nose un nez retroussé ; ⇒ nose ;

3 ( discover) déterrer [buried object] ; [person] dénicher ○ [discovery, information] ; facts turned up by the inquiry faits révélés or mis au jour par l'enquête.

Big English-French dictionary > turn
7 chiudere

close, shut

a chiave lock

strada close off

gas, luce turn off

fabbrica, negozio per sempre close down, shut down

fig chiudere un occhio turn a blind eye

finance chiudere in pareggio break even

chiudere in perdita/in attivo show a loss/a profit

* * *

chiudere v.tr.

1 to shut*, to close; ( sbarrare) to bar: chiudere a catenaccio, to bolt; chiudere a chiave, to lock; chiudere un cancello, una finestra, una porta, to shut a gate, a window, a door; chiudere un cassetto, to shut a drawer; chiudere con lucchetto, to padlock; chiudere il gas, un rubinetto, to turn off the gas, a tap; chiudere la radio, to switch off the radio; chiudere una busta, to seal an envelope; chiudere un libro, to shut a book; chiudere un passaggio, to bar a passage; chiudere violentemente, to slam (o to bang); chiudere il pugno, to clench one's fist // non ho chiuso occhio la notte scorsa, I did not sleep a wink last night // chiudere al traffico, to close to traffic // chiudere le frontiere, to close the borders // chiudere la bocca, to shut one's mouth; chiudere la bocca a qlcu., ( impedirgli di parlare) to gag s.o. // chiudere gli occhi, ( morire) to end one's days // chiudere un occhio su qlco., to turn a blind eye to sthg. (o to pretend not to see sthg.)

2 ( recingere) to enclose, to fence (in), to surround: chiudere un giardino con un muro, to enclose a garden with a wall

3 ( concludere) to conclude, to close; ( finire) to end, to finish; (fam.) to wind up: è ora che tu chiuda il tuo discorso, it's time you wound up your speech; chiudere una conferenza con un motto di spirito, to close a lecture with a joke; chiudere un dibattito al Parlamento, to close (o to wind up) a debate in Parliament; chiudere una lettera, to close a letter; la banda chiudeva il corteo, the band brought up the rear (of the procession)

4 (comm.) to close: chiudere un conto, to close an account; chiudere i conti, to balance (o to close the books); chiudere il bilancio, to balance accounts (o to strike a final balance); (banca) chiudere il credito, to stop credit

5 ( rinchiudere) to shut up: dovresti chiudere i gioielli nella cassaforte, you ought to shut up your jewels in your safe; ti chiuderò nella tua stanza, I'll shut you up in your room; chiudere ( il bestiame) in un recinto, to corral (cattle)

6 ( un negozio, un ufficio, una fabbrica) ( temporaneamente) to close; ( permanentemente) to shut down, to close down

7 ( delimitare) to shut in: due catene di montagne chiudono la valle, two ranges of mountains shut in (o enclose) the valley

8 ( tappare) to stop; ( con sughero) to cork: chiudere un buco, to stop a hole

9 ( un circuito elettrico) to close // (elettr.) chiudere un motore in corto circuito, to close a motor in a short circuit

◆ v. intr.

1 to close: la finestra non chiude, the window won't close (o shut); i negozi chiudono alle sei in questa città, the shops close at six in this town; questa porta chiude bene?, does this door close well?

2 ( finire) to close: la riunione chiuse alle sei, the meeting closed at six // (cinem.) chiudere in dissolvenza, to fade out

3 (comm.) chiudere in pareggio, to balance: il bilancio chiuse in pareggio l'anno scorso, the budget balanced last year; chiudere in attivo, to show a profit (o a credit balance) // chiudere con prezzi fermi, to close firm.

◘ chiudersi v.rifl. o intr.pron.

1 to close: le acque si chiusero sulla nave che affondava, the waters closed over the sinking ship; la porta si chiuse senza rumore, the door closed noiselessly; questi fiori si chiudono di sera, these flowers close at night

2 ( di tempo) to close in, to get* cloudy: il tempo si chiude, the weather is closing in (o getting cloudy)

3 ( rinchiudersi) to shut oneself up

4 ( ritirarsi, concentrarsi) to withdraw: chiudere in se stesso, to withdraw into oneself; chiudere nel dolore, to withdraw into one's sufferings; chiudere nel silenzio, to withdraw into silence

5 ( finire, terminare) to close, to shut*, to end: l'incontro si è chiuso con un discorso del primo ministro, the meeting closed with a speech by the Prime Minister; l'anno finanziario si chiude il 30 giugno, the financial year ends on June 30th.

* * *

1. ['kjudere]
vb irreg vt
1) to close, shut, (pugno, lista, caso) to close, (busta, lettera) to seal, (giacca, camicia) to do up, fasten, (gas, rubinetto) to turn off

chiudere a chiave — to lock

sei sicuro di aver chiuso a chiave? — are you sure you locked it?

chiudere col catenaccio — to bolt

sta sempre chiusa in casa — she never goes out

chiudere la porta in faccia a qn (anche) fig — to slam the door in sb's face

chiudere un occhio su — to turn a blind eye to

chiudere gli occhi davanti a fig — to close one's eyes to

chiudersi le dita nella porta — to catch one's fingers in the door

non ho chiuso occhio tutta la notte — I didn't sleep a wink all night

chiudi la bocca! o il becco! fam — shut up!

chiudi la finestra, per favore — close the window please

ricordati di chiudere il gas — remember to turn off the gas

chiudi bene il rubinetto — turn the tap off properly

chiuditi la camicia — do up your shirt

2) (strada) to block off, (frontiera) to close, (aeroporto, negozio, scuola) to close (down), shut (down), (definitivamente: fabbrica) to close down, shut down

il centro è stato chiuso al traffico — the town centre is closed to traffic

3) (recingere) to enclose

4) (terminare) to end

con lui ho chiuso — I've finished with him

2. vi

(aus avere) (scuola, negozio) to close, shut, (definitivamente) to close down, shut down

a che ora chiude il negozio? — what time does the shop close?

la fabbrica ha chiuso due anni fa — the factory closed two years ago

3. vip (chiudersi)

(porta, ombrello) to close, shut, (fiore, ferita) to close up, (periodo lungo, vacanze) to finish

la porta si è chiusa — the door closed

4. vr (chiudersi)

chiudersi in casa — to shut o.s. up in the house

chiudersi in se stesso — to withdraw into o.s.

* * *
['kjudere] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) to close, to shut* [occhi, bocca, finestra, scatola, cassetto, libro]; to fasten [ valigia]; to seal [ busta]; (tirando) to draw*, to pull, to close [tende, porta]; (piegando) to fold [sedia, ventaglio, ombrello, coltellino, ali]; (abbottonando, allacciando) to fasten, to do* up [ vestito]; to tie up [ scarpe]

chiudere il pugno — to clench one's fist

chiudere a chiave — to lock

chiudere la porta con un calcio — to kick the door shut

2) (spegnere) to turn off [rubinetto, gas, acqua]; to switch off [luce, radio]

3) (sbarrare) to close (off), to bar, to block [passaggio, accesso, frontiera]

chiudere al traffico — to close to traffic

chiudere fuori qcn. — to lock sb. out, to turn the key on sb. (anche fig.)

4) (rinchiudere)

chiudere qcn. in o dentro (a) una stanza to to lock sb. in a room; chiudere qcs. in cassaforte — to lock sth. away o up

5) (recingere) to surround, to enclose, to fence [giardino, terreno]

6) (sospendendo un'attività) (temporaneamente) to close, to shut*; (definitivamente) to close (down), to shut* (down) [fabbrica, negozio]

7) (terminare, concludere) to close, to conclude [ dibattito]; to close, to end [udienza, festival, giornata]; to complete [stagione, progetto, inchiesta]; (venendo per ultimo) to bring* up the rear of [marcia, corteo]

chiudere il caso — dir. to rest one's case

8) (tappare) to plug (up), to stop (up) [falla, buco]; to stop [ bottiglia]

9) banc. comm. to close [ conto bancario]

chiudere i conti — to balance

10) inform. to close [ file]
2.
verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

1) [fabbrica, negozio, teatro] (temporaneamente) to close, to shut*; (definitivamente) to close (down), to shut* (down)

2) (stare chiuso)

chiudere bene — [porta, valigia] to close properly

il coperchio non chiude bene — the lid won't go on properly

3) econ. [mercato, azione] to close

chiudere a 45 euro — to close at 45 euros

chiudere in rialzo, ribasso — to close up, down

chiudere in pareggio — to break even

chiudere in attivo — to show a profit

4) fig.

con te ho chiuso — I'm through with you
3.
verbo pronominale chiudersi

1) [porta, finestra, scatola, occhi, bocca] to close, to shut*; [ fiore] to close up; [cappotto, braccialetto, valigia] to fasten; [sedia, ombrello] to fold (up)

- rsi dentro — to lock oneself in [stanza, auto]

- rsi fuori — to lock oneself out of [ casa]

- rsi in casa — to shut oneself up at home

- rsi in se stesso — to become withdrawn, to withdraw into oneself

2) (concludersi) [serata, festival, discorso] to end, to finish ( con with)

3) (rimarginarsi) [ ferita] to heal over, to heal up

4) colloq. (schiacciarsi)

- rsi un dito nella porta — to get one's finger caught o trapped in the door

••

chiudere bottega — to shut up shop, to put up the shutters

chiudi il becco! — shut up!

* * *

chiudere

/'kjudere/ [11]

I verbo transitivo

1 to close, to shut* [occhi, bocca, finestra, scatola, cassetto, libro]; to fasten [ valigia]; to seal [ busta]; (tirando) to draw*, to pull, to close [tende, porta]; (piegando) to fold [sedia, ventaglio, ombrello, coltellino, ali]; (abbottonando, allacciando) to fasten, to do* up [ vestito]; to tie up [ scarpe]; chiudere il pugno to clench one's fist; chiudere a chiave to lock; chiudere la porta con un calcio to kick the door shut

2 (spegnere) to turn off [rubinetto, gas, acqua]; to switch off [luce, radio]

3 (sbarrare) to close (off), to bar, to block [passaggio, accesso, frontiera]; chiudere al traffico to close to traffic; chiudere fuori qcn. to lock sb. out, to turn the key on sb. (anche fig.)

4 (rinchiudere) chiudere qcn. in o dentro (a) una stanza to to lock sb. in a room; chiudere qcs. in cassaforte to lock sth. away o up

5 (recingere) to surround, to enclose, to fence [giardino, terreno]

6 (sospendendo un'attività) (temporaneamente) to close, to shut*; (definitivamente) to close (down), to shut* (down) [fabbrica, negozio]

7 (terminare, concludere) to close, to conclude [ dibattito]; to close, to end [udienza, festival, giornata]; to complete [stagione, progetto, inchiesta]; (venendo per ultimo) to bring* up the rear of [marcia, corteo]; chiudere il caso dir. to rest one's case

8 (tappare) to plug (up), to stop (up) [falla, buco]; to stop [ bottiglia]

9 banc. comm. to close [ conto bancario]; chiudere i conti to balance

10 inform. to close [ file]

II verbo intransitivo

(aus. avere)

1 [fabbrica, negozio, teatro] (temporaneamente) to close, to shut*; (definitivamente) to close (down), to shut* (down)

2 (stare chiuso) chiudere bene [porta, valigia] to close properly; il coperchio non chiude bene the lid won't go on properly

3 econ. [mercato, azione] to close; chiudere a 45 euro to close at 45 euros; chiudere in rialzo, ribasso to close up, down; chiudere in pareggio to break even; chiudere in attivo to show a profit

4 fig. con te ho chiuso I'm through with you

III chiudersi verbo pronominale

1 [porta, finestra, scatola, occhi, bocca] to close, to shut*; [ fiore] to close up; [cappotto, braccialetto, valigia] to fasten; [sedia, ombrello] to fold (up); - rsi dentro to lock oneself in [stanza, auto]; - rsi fuori to lock oneself out of [ casa]; - rsi in casa to shut oneself up at home; - rsi in se stesso to become withdrawn, to withdraw into oneself

2 (concludersi) [serata, festival, discorso] to end, to finish ( con with)

3 (rimarginarsi) [ ferita] to heal over, to heal up

4 colloq. (schiacciarsi) - rsi un dito nella porta to get one's finger caught o trapped in the door

IDIOMS

chiudere bottega to shut up shop, to put up the shutters; chiudi il becco! shut up!

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > chiudere
8 flat

flæt
1. adjective
1) (level; without rise or fall: a flat surface.) llano, plano, liso

2) (dull; without interest: She spent a very flat weekend.) monótono

3) ((of something said, decided etc) definite; emphatic: a flat denial.) rotundo

4) ((of a tyre) not inflated, having lost most of its air: His car had a flat tyre.) desinflado

5) ((of drinks) no longer fizzy: flat lemonade; (also adverb) My beer has gone flat.) sin gas

6) (slightly lower than a musical note should be: That last note was flat; (also adverb) The choir went very flat.) desafinado

2. adverb
(stretched out: She was lying flat on her back.) horizontalmente

3. noun
1) ((American apartment) a set of rooms on one floor, with kitchen and bathroom, in a larger building or block: Do you live in a house or a flat?) apartamento

2) ((in musical notation) a sign (♭) which makes a note a semitone lower.) bemol

3) (a level, even part: the flat of her hand.) plano; palma

4) ((usually in plural) an area of flat land, especially beside the sea, a river etc: mud flats.) llano, llanura

•

- flatly
- flatten
- flat rate
- flat out

flat¹ adj

1. llano / plano

flat land terreno llano

a flat roof un tejado plano / una azotea

2. desinflado

a flat tyre un neumático deshinchado

El comparativo de flat se escribe flatter; el superlativo se escribe flattest

flat² n piso / apartamento

do you live in a house or a flat? ¿vives en una casa o en un piso?

Se dice flat en inglés británico, en inglés americano se dice apartment

flat

tr[flæt]

adjective (comp flatter, superl flattest)

1 (level, even) llano,-a, plano,-a; (smooth) liso,-a

■ people thought the earth was flat la gente creía que la tierra era plana

■ he's got flat feet tiene los pies planos

■ put it on a flat surface ponlo en una superficie plana

2 (shallow) llano,-a

■ a flat dish un plato llano

3 (shoes) sin tacón

4 (tyre, ball etc) desinflado,-a

5 (battery) descargado,-a

6 (drink) sin gas

■ this beer's flat esta cerveza no tiene gas

7 figurative use (dull) monótono,-a, soso,-a

■ he spoke in a flat voice habló en voz monótona

■ it was a very flat performance fue una actuación muy insulsa

8 (having single price) fijo,-a

■ there's a flat fare hay un precio fijo

9 (firm, absolute, categorical) rotundo,-a

■ he gave us a flat denial se negó categóricamente

10 (exact) justo,-a

■ a flat thirty minutes unos treinta minutos justos

11 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (key) bemol; (voice, instrument) desafinado,-a

noun

1 (plain) llano, llanura

2 (of hand) palma

3 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL bemol nombre masculino

4 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (tyre) pinchazo

adverb

1 (completely) categóricamente

■ he told me flat me lo dijo categóricamente

■ she turned me down flat me rechazó de plano

2 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL desafinadamente

3 (exactly) exactamente

■ in ten seconds flat en diez segundos justos

plural noun flats

1 (low level plain) llano sing

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

and that's flat no hay más que decir

as flat as a pancake liso,-a como la palma de la mano

flat broke sin blanca

to be in a flat spin (person) estar hecho,-a un lío

to fall flat (joke etc) caer mal, no hacer gracia

to fall flat on one's face caer de bruces

to go flat out ir a toda pastilla, ir a todo gas

to lay flat estirar, extender

to play flat / sing flat desafinar

flat cap gorra

flat racing carreras nombre femenino plural de caballos sin vallas

flat spin SMALLAVIATION/SMALL barrena

mud flats marismas nombre femenino plural

————————

flat

tr[flæt]

noun

1 (apartment) piso

flat ['flæt] vt, flatted ; flatting

1) flatten: aplanar, achatar

2) : bajar de tono (en música)

flat adv

1) exactly: exactamente

in ten minutes flat: en diez minutos exactos

2) : desafinado, demasiado bajo (en la música)

flat adj, flatter ; flattest

1) even, level: plano, llano

2) smooth: liso

3) definite: categórico, rotundo, explícito

a flat refusal: una negativa categórica

4) dull: aburrido, soso, monótono (dícese la voz)

5) deflated: desinflado, pinchado, ponchado Mex

6) : bemol (en música)

to sing flat: cantar desafinado

flat n

1) plain: llano m, terreno m llano

2) : bemol m (en la música)

3) apartment: apartamento m, departamento m

4) or flat tire : pinchazo m, ponchadura f Mex

flat (UK)

n.

• apartamento s.m. (Drink)

adj.

• sin gas (Bebida) adj. (Tire)

n.

• pinchada (Neumático) (•Automóvil•) s.f. (Wine)

n.

• insípido (Vino) s.m.

adj.

• bemol adj.

• desanimado, -a adj.

• deslustrado, -a adj.

• empañado, -a adj.

• horizontal adj.

• insulso, -a adj.

• insípido, -a adj.

• liso, -a adj.

• llano, -a adj.

• mate adj.

• mocho, -a adj.

• monótono, -a adj.

• muerto, -a adj.

• plano, -a adj.

• raso, -a adj.

• tendido, -a adj.

n.

• apartamiento s.m.

• bemol s.m.

• palma de la mano s.f.

• pantano s.m.

• piso s.m.

• plano s.m.

I flæt
adjective - tt-

1)

a) < surface> plano; < countryside> llano

flat feet — pies mpl planos

houses with flat roofs — casas fpl con techos planos or con azoteas

I was flat on my back for two months — (me) pasé dos meses en cama

to fold something flat — doblar bien algo

he laid the map down flat on the table — extendió el mapa sobre la mesa

I lay down flat and tried to relax — me tumbé or me tendí e intenté relajarme; face I 1) a)

b) < dish> llano, bajo (Chi), playo (RPl)

flat shoes — zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)

flat cap o hat — (BrE) gorra f ( de lana con visera)

c) ( deflated) < ball> desinflado, ponchado (Méx)

you have a flat tire o (BrE) tyre — tienes un neumático desinflado or una rueda desinflada or (Méx) una llanta ponchada

2)

a) <lemonade/beer> sin efervescencia, sin gas

b) < battery> descargado

switch off or you'll get a flat battery — apaga o se te va a descargar la batería

3) (dull, uninteresting) <conversation/party> soso (fam); < joke> sin gracia; < voice> monótono

she felt a bit flat — estaba un tanto alicaída or baja de moral

to fall flat — \<\<play/project\>\> fracasar*, no ser* bien recibido

the joke fell very flat — el chiste no hizo ni pizca de gracia

4) (total, firm) <denial/refusal> rotundo, categórico

they've said they won't do it and that's flat — han dicho que no lo harán y no hay vuelta de hoja (fam)

5) ( Mus)

a) ( referring to key) bemol

A flat — la m bemol

b) ( too low)

you're flat — estás desafinando ( por cantar or tocar demasiado bajo)

6) ( fixed) (before n) < rate> fijo, uniforme

7) ( broke) (AmE colloq) (pred)

to be flat — estar* pelado (fam)

II

adverb

1)

a) <refuse/turn down> de plano, categóricamente

b) ( exactly)

it took him two hours flat — tardó dos horas justas or exactas

c) (AmE colloq) (as intensifier) completamente; see also broke II

2) ( Mus) demasiado bajo

III

noun

1) ( apartment) (BrE) apartamento m, departamento m (AmL), piso m (Esp)

2)

a) ( surface - of sword) cara f de la hoja; (- of hand) palma f

b) ( level ground) llano m, terreno m llano

3) ( Mus) bemol m

4) ( Theat) bastidor m

5) flats pl

a) ( low-lying ground) llano m

mud flats — marismas fpl

b) ( shoes) (esp AmE) zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)

I [flæt]
1. ADJ
(compar flatter) (superl flattest)
1) (=level) [surface, roof] plano; [countryside] llano

he was lying flat on the floor — estaba tumbado en el suelo

he laid his hands flat on the table — puso las manos extendidas sobre la mesa

keep your feet flat on the floor — mantén los pies bien pegados al suelo

the sea was calm and flat — el mar estaba en calma y no había olas

• lie flat on your back — túmbate de espaldas en el suelo

he was flat on his back for a month after the accident — tuvo que guardar cama durante un mes después del accidente

• to fall flat on one's face — (lit) caer(se) de bruces

the government's campaign fell flat on its face — la campaña del gobierno resultó un fracaso

- flat as a pancake
spin
2) (=smooth, even) [road, surface] liso, llano

to smooth sth flat — [+ paper etc] alisar algo

3) (=shallow) [dish] llano; [box] plano

4) [foot, shoe] plano; [nose] chato

to have flat feet — tener los pies planos

5) (=deflated) [tyre, ball] pinchado, desinflado

we got a flat tyre — se nos pinchó una rueda, se nos ponchó una llanta (Mex)

I had a flat tyre — tenía una rueda pinchada or desinflada, tenía un pinchazo, tenía una ponchada (Mex)

6) (=dull, lifeless) [voice, colour] apagado; [taste, style] soso; [light] sin contraste; [drink] sin burbujas or gas; [battery] descargado

• the atmosphere at the party was a bit flat — el ambiente de la fiesta estaba un poco apagado

• I've got a flat battery — se me ha descargado la batería

• I'm feeling rather flat — estoy un poco deprimido

• she meant it as a joke, but it fell flat — lo dijo de broma, pero nadie le vio la gracia

• the champagne has gone flat — al champán se le ha ido la fuerza or se le han ido las burbujas

7) (=inactive) [trade, business] flojo

sales have been flat this summer — las ventas han estado flojas este verano, no ha habido mucho movimiento de ventas este verano

8) (=outright) [refusal, denial] rotundo, terminante

• his suggestion met with a flat refusal — su sugerencia recibió una negativa rotunda or terminante

• he says he's not going and that's flat * — dice que no va y sanseacabó

9) (Mus)

a) [voice, instrument] desafinado

she/her singing was flat — desafinaba cantando

b) (of key) bemol

E flat major — mi bemol mayor

10) (=fixed) [rate, fee, charge] fijo

11) (Horse racing)

• flat jockey — jinete mf de carreras sin obstáculos

• the flat season — la temporada de carreras de caballos sin obstáculos

12) (=not shiny) (of painted surface) mate, sin brillo

2. ADV

1) (=absolutely)

• to be flat broke * — estar pelado *, estar sin un duro (Sp) *, estar sin un peso (LAm) *

2) (=outright) [refuse] rotundamente, terminantemente

• I told her flat that she couldn't have it — le dije terminantemente que no se lo podía quedar

• to turn sth down flat — rechazar algo rotundamente or de plano

3) (=exactly)

he did it in ten minutes flat — lo hizo en diez minutos justos or exactos

4) (esp Brit)

flat out: flat out, the car can do 140mph — cuando pones el coche a toda máquina, llega a las 140 millas por hora

• to go flat out — ir a toda máquina

to go flat out for sth — intentar conseguir algo por todos los medios

she went flat out for the title — intentó por todos los medios conseguir el título

• to work flat out (to do sth) — trabajar a toda máquina (para hacer algo)

5) (Mus)

to play/sing flat — tocar/cantar demasiado bajo, desafinar

3. N

1) [of hand] palma f; [of sword] cara f de la hoja

2) (Mus) bemol m

3) (Aut) pinchazo m, ponchada f (Mex)

• we got a flat — se nos pinchó una rueda, se nos ponchó una llanta (Mex)

• I had a flat — tenía una rueda pinchada or desinflada, tenía un pinchazo, tenía una ponchada (Mex)

4) flats (Geog) (=marshland) marismas fpl; (=sand) bancos mpl de arena

• mud flats — marismas fpl

• salt flats — salinas fpl

5) (Theat) bastidor m

6) (Horse racing)

the flat — las carreras de caballos sin obstáculos

4.

CPD

flat cap N — gorra de lana con visera

flat pack N —

it comes in a flat pack — viene en una caja plana para el automontaje; see flat-pack

flat racing N — carreras fpl de caballos sin obstáculos

flat rate N — [of interest, tax] tanto m alzado; (Internet, Telec) tarifa f plana; see flat-rate

flat screen N — (TV, Comput) pantalla f plana; see flat-screen

II

[flæt]
N (Brit) apartamento m, piso m (Sp), departamento m (LAm)
* * *

I [flæt]
adjective - tt-

1)

a) < surface> plano; < countryside> llano

flat feet — pies mpl planos

houses with flat roofs — casas fpl con techos planos or con azoteas

I was flat on my back for two months — (me) pasé dos meses en cama

to fold something flat — doblar bien algo

he laid the map down flat on the table — extendió el mapa sobre la mesa

I lay down flat and tried to relax — me tumbé or me tendí e intenté relajarme; face I 1) a)

b) < dish> llano, bajo (Chi), playo (RPl)

flat shoes — zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)

flat cap o hat — (BrE) gorra f ( de lana con visera)

c) ( deflated) < ball> desinflado, ponchado (Méx)

you have a flat tire o (BrE) tyre — tienes un neumático desinflado or una rueda desinflada or (Méx) una llanta ponchada

2)

a) <lemonade/beer> sin efervescencia, sin gas

b) < battery> descargado

switch off or you'll get a flat battery — apaga o se te va a descargar la batería

3) (dull, uninteresting) <conversation/party> soso (fam); < joke> sin gracia; < voice> monótono

she felt a bit flat — estaba un tanto alicaída or baja de moral

to fall flat — \<\<play/project\>\> fracasar*, no ser* bien recibido

the joke fell very flat — el chiste no hizo ni pizca de gracia

4) (total, firm) <denial/refusal> rotundo, categórico

they've said they won't do it and that's flat — han dicho que no lo harán y no hay vuelta de hoja (fam)

5) ( Mus)

a) ( referring to key) bemol

A flat — la m bemol

b) ( too low)

you're flat — estás desafinando ( por cantar or tocar demasiado bajo)

6) ( fixed) (before n) < rate> fijo, uniforme

7) ( broke) (AmE colloq) (pred)

to be flat — estar* pelado (fam)

II

adverb

1)

a) <refuse/turn down> de plano, categóricamente

b) ( exactly)

it took him two hours flat — tardó dos horas justas or exactas

c) (AmE colloq) (as intensifier) completamente; see also broke II

2) ( Mus) demasiado bajo

III

noun

1) ( apartment) (BrE) apartamento m, departamento m (AmL), piso m (Esp)

2)

a) ( surface - of sword) cara f de la hoja; (- of hand) palma f

b) ( level ground) llano m, terreno m llano

3) ( Mus) bemol m

4) ( Theat) bastidor m

5) flats pl

a) ( low-lying ground) llano m

mud flats — marismas fpl

b) ( shoes) (esp AmE) zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)

English-spanish dictionary > flat
9 volver

v.

1 to turn round (dar la vuelta a).

al volver la esquina when we turned the corner

Ella volvió la tortilla She turned the tortilla.

Volvió inservible el carro.. It rendered the car useless.

2 to turn (cabeza, ojos).

3 to go back, to return (ir de vuelta).

yo allí no vuelvo I'm not going back there

vuelve, no te vayas come back, don't go

al volver pasé por el supermercado I stopped off at the supermarket on the o my way back

aún no ha vuelto del trabajo she isn't back o hasn't got back from work yet

volver en sí to come to, to regain consciousness

Ellos volvieron ayer They returned yesterday.

4 to come back to.

Me volvieron los recuerdos Memories came back to me.

5 to vomit.

Ella volvió los tacos She vomited the tacos.

* * *

volver

Conjugation model [ MOVER], like link=mover mover (pp vuelto,-a)

► verbo transitivo

1 (dar vuelta a) to turn, turn over; (hacia abajo) to turn upside down; (de dentro afuera) to turn inside out; (lo de atrás hacia delante) to turn back to front

■ volver la tortilla to turn the omelette

2 (convertir) to turn, make, change

■ el dinero ha vuelto tonto a Paco money has made Paco foolish

■ volvió el agua en vino he changed water into wine

3 (devolver) to give back; (a su lugar) to put back

4 (torcer) to turn

■ al volver la esquina on turning the corner

► verbo intransitivo

1 (regresar) to return; (ir) to go back; (venir) to come back

■ volvió de la guerra he returned form the war

■ volvieron a casa después de cenar they went back home after dinner

■ vuelve cuando quieras come back whenever you want

2 (a un tema etc) to return, revert

3 volver a (hacer otra vez) to do again

■ volver a leer to read again

► verbo pronominal volverse

1 (regresar - ir) to go back; (- venir) to come back

2 (darse la vuelta) to turn

3 (convertirse) to turn, become

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

volver a alguien a la vida to revive somebody, bring somebody back to life

volver a las andadas to fall back into one's old habits

volver del revés to turn inside out

volver en sí to regain consciousness, come round

volver los ojos hacia to turn one's eyes towards

volver sobre sus pasos to retrace one's steps

volverle la espalda a alguien figurado to turn one's back on somebody

volverse atrás figurado to go back on one's word, back out

volverse en contra de alguien to turn against somebody

* * *

verb

1) to return

2) go back, come back

3) revert

4) cause, drive, make

5) turn over

•

- volver a
- volverse
* * *
( pp vuelto)
1. VT

1) (=dar la vuelta a) [+ cabeza] to turn; [+ colchón, tortilla, enfermo] to turn over; [+ jersey, calcetín] to turn inside out; [+ página] to turn, turn over

• volver la espalda — to turn away

me volvió la espalda — he turned his back on me

• volver la esquina — to go round o turn the corner

- tener a algn vuelto como un calcetín o una media

2) (=cambiar la orientación de) to turn

volvió el arma contra sí mismo — he turned the gun on himself

• volver la vista atrás — to look back

• volver los ojos al pasado — to look back

volvieron los ojos a épocas más recientes — they looked to more recent times

vuelve sus ojos ahora hacia uno de sus grandes compositores — she now turns to one of her favourite composers

• volver el pensamiento a Dios — to turn one's thoughts to God

• volver la proa al viento — to turn the bow into the wind

3) *
(=devolver) [+ compra] to return; [+ comida] to bring up; [+ imagen] to reflect; [+ objeto lanzado] to send back, return; [+ visita] to return
volver algo a su lugar — to return sth to its place, put sth back (in its place)

volver la casa a su estado original — to return o restore the house to its original condition

volver bien por mal — to return good for evil

4) (=enrollar) [+ manga] to roll up

5) [+ adj] to make

el accidente lo volvió inservible — the accident left it useless

el ácido lo vuelve azul — the acid turns it blue, the acid makes it go blue

vuelve fieras a los hombres — it turns men into wild beasts

volver loco a algn — to drive sb mad

6) (Ling) to translate (a into)

2. VI

1) (=regresar) (a donde se está) to come back, return; (a donde se estaba) to go back, return (a to) ([de] from)

déjalas aquí y luego vuelves a por ellas — leave them here and come back for them later

volver victorioso — to come back victorious, return in triumph

no he vuelto por allí — I've never gone back there

volvió muy cansado — he got back very tired

volviendo a lo que decía... — going back o returning to what I was saying...

• volver atrás — to go back, turn back

• volver a una costumbre — to revert to a habit

2)

• volver a hacer algo — to do sth again

volver a empezar — to start (over) again

me he vuelto a equivocar — I've made a mistake again, I've made another mistake

he vuelto a salir con ella — I've started going out with her again

volvió a casarse — she remarried, she (got) married again

volví a poner en marcha el motor — I restarted the engine

volver a hacerlo — to redo it

volver a pintar algo — to repaint sth

3)

• volver en sí — to come to, come round

volver sobre sí — to change one's mind

4) [camino] to turn (a to)

3.

See:

volverse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( regresar - al lugar donde se está) to come back; (- a otro lugar) to go back

no sé a qué hora volveré — I don't know what time I'll be back

¿cómo vas a volver? — how are you getting back?

volvió muy cambiada — she came back o returned a different person

¿cuándo piensas volver por aquí? — when do you think you'll be o come back this way?

ha vuelto con su familia — she's gone back to her family

volver a algo — < a un lugar> to go back to something; <a una situación/actividad> to return to something

no había vuelto a su pueblo — he hadn't been back to his home town

volver a clases — to go back to school

volviendo a lo que decía... — to get o go back to what I was saying...

ya volvemos a lo de siempre — so we're back to the same problem

volver de algo: ¿cuándo volviste de las vacaciones? when did you get back from your vacation?; ha vuelto de Roma she's back from Rome; volvió cansado del trabajo he was tired when he got home from work; volver atrás — ( literal) to go o turn back; ( al pasado) to turn back the clock

2)

a) ( repetirse) momento to return

b) calma/paz to return

volver a algo — to return to something

3)

volver en sí — to come to o round

4) ( reconciliarse)

volver con alguien — to make up with somebody
2.
volver v aux

volver a + inf: volver a empezar to start again o (AmE) over; no volverá a ocurrir it won't happen again; no lo volví a ver I never saw him again; lo tuve que volver a llevar al taller — I had to take it back to the workshop
3.
volver vt

1) ( dar la vuelta)

a) <colchón/tortilla> to turn (over); < tierra> to turn o dig over; <calcetín/chaqueta> ( poner del revés) to turn... inside out; ( poner del derecho) to turn... the right way round; < cuello> to turn

volver la página — to turn the page

b) <cabeza/mirada>

volvió la cabeza — she turned her head

volvió la mirada hacia mí — he turned his gaze toward(s) me

c) < esquina> to turn

2) (convertir en, poner)

la ha vuelto muy egoísta — it has made her very selfish

me está volviendo loca — it's/he's/she's driving me mad

lo vuelve de otro color — it turns it a different color

3) (Méx)

volver el estómago — to be sick
4.
volverse v pron

1) ( girar) to turn (around)

se volvió hacia él — she turned to face him

no te vuelvas, que nos están siguiendo — don't look back, we're being followed

se volvió de espaldas — he turned his back on me (o her etc)

volverse boca arriba/abajo — to turn over onto one's back/stomach

volverse atrás — to back out

volverse contra alguien — to turn against somebody

2) (convertirse en, ponerse)

se ha vuelto muy antipático — he's become very unpleasant

se está volviendo muy quisquillosa — she's getting very fussy

se vuelve agrio — it turns o goes sour

se volvió loca — she went mad

* * *

= come back, render, return, switch back, turn back, turn over + page, turn over, get back, be back.

Ex. He wondered whether to chase after Duff and order him to come back or wait and see him later, after she had regained her composure.

Ex. So strongly was it felt by proponents of change that just such unconscious biases rendered libraries 'part of the problem, instead of the solution'.

Ex. Returning to government agencies, some agencies are treated as subordinate to a government, whilst others are entered independently.

Ex. A code at the bottom of the local document summary and full information screens allow switching back to the system catalog.

Ex. It might be wise for you to turn back and re-read what was said in section 2.

Ex. Turn over the page and you will find suggested analyses against which you can check your solution.

Ex. Then he picked up about 2 cm. of type from the right-hand end of the uppermost line (i.e. the last word or two of the last line) with the thumb and forefinger of his right hand, read it, and dropped the pieces of type one by one into their proper boxes, turning over the old house.

Ex. I have been off on vacation and just got back.

Ex. Which means I'd give the whole shooting match just to be back where I was before I quit sleeping under the stars and come into the hen-coops.

----

* acción de volver a contar algo = retelling.

* aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.

* hacer que la gente se vuelva a mirar = make + heads turn.

* hora de volver a casa = curfew.

* la historia + volverse a repetir = history + come full circle.

* las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.

* no volver = go + forever.

* no volver hasta + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* no volver la vista atrás = never + look back.

* que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.

* volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.

* volver a = depart to, get back to, go back to, move back to, revert (to), go + full circle back to, circle back to, backtrack [back-track], recur to, roll back to, revert back to, head back to, slide back to, default to.

* volver a abrir = be back in business.

* volver a adoptar = resume.

* volver a albergar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a alfombrar = recarpet [re-carpet].

* volver a Alguien loco = drive + Alguien + up a wall, drive + Alguien + to despair, drive + Alguien + mad, drive + Alguien + insane, drive + Alguien + crazy, drive + Alguien + nuts, drive + Alguien + potty.

* volver a almacenar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a alojar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a alquilar = rehire [re-hire].

* volver a analizar = reexamine [re-examine], reanalyse [reanalyze, -USA].

* volver a aparecer = resurface.

* volver a aprender = relearn.

* volver a asegurar = reinsure.

* volver a asentar = resettle.

* volver a atar = re-tie.

* volver a bautizar = re-baptise [re-baptize, -USA].

* volver a caer (en) = relapse (into).

* volver a calcular = recalculation.

* volver a cargar = reload.

* volver a casa = go + home again.

* volver a casarse = remarry.

* volver a clasificar = refolder.

* volver a combinar = recombine [re-combine].

* volver a comprimir = recompress.

* volver a comprobar = check back.

* volver a conectar = reconnect [re-connect].

* volver a congelarse = re-freeze [refreeze].

* volver a considerar = reconsider.

* volver a consultar = revisit, check back.

* volver a contar = recount, retell.

* volver a contextualizar = recontextualise [recontextualize, USA].

* volver a contratar = rehire [re-hire].

* volver a convertir = reconvert.

* volver a convocar = reconvene.

* volver a copiar = recopy.

* volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

* volver a dar forma = reshape [re-shape].

* volver a descubrir = rediscover.

* volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].

* volver a determinar = respecify.

* volver a diseñar = redesign [re-design], repurpose [re-purpose].

* volver a dotar = re-equip [reequip].

* volver a ejecutar = rerun [re-run].

* volver a empezar = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board, a fresh start, start over, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volver a empezar de cero = be back to square one, go back to + square one.

* volver a encuadernar = rebind [re-bind].

* volver a enmoquetar = recarpeting.

* volver a enseñar = retrain [re-train].

* volver a entrar = come back in.

* volver a enviar = resubmit [re-submit], reship, resend [re-send].

* volver a equipar = re-equip [reequip].

* volver a escribir = retype [re-type], rewrite [re-write].

* volver a especificar = respecify.

* volver a establecer equivalencias = remap.

* volver a evaluar = reassess [re-assess], reevaluate [re-evaluate], reappraise.

* volver a financiar = re-fund.

* volver a formarse = reform.

* volver a formatear = reformat [re-format].

* volver a funcionar = be back in business.

* volver a guardar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a hablar innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].

* volver a hacer = redo [re-do], remake.

* volver a hacer un examen = retake + an exam.

* volver a hidratar = rehydrate.

* volver a imprimir = reprint.

* volver a incluir = reinstate.

* volver a indizar = re-index [reindex].

* volver a inscribir = reregister.

* volver a insertar = reinsert.

* volver a insertar en el ordenador = rekey [re-key].

* volver a intentar = retry [re-try].

* volver a interpretar = reinterpret [re-interpret].

* volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

* volver a juzgar = retry [re-try].

* volver a la etapa de planificación = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board.

* volver a la normalidad = get back to + normal, return to + normalcy, get (back) into + the swings of things.

* volver a la popularidad = return to + favour.

* volver a la seguridad de = burrow back into.

* volver a la vida normal = get (back) into + the swings of things.

* volver a leer = reread [re-read].

* volver a levantar el sistema = restart.

* volver Algo a su estado anterior = put + Nombre + back on track.

* volver Algo del revés = turn + Nombre + inside-out.

* volver Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.

* volver al pasado = turn + the clock back.

* volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.

* volver al punto de partida = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volver al redil = return to + the fold.

* volver a manejar = rehandle.

* volver a mezclar = remix.

* volver a montar = reassemble [re-assemble].

* volver a mostrar = redisplay.

* volver a nacer = have + a lucky escape, have + a narrow escape.

* volver a nombrar = rename.

* volver a ordenar = resort.

* volver a oxidar = reoxidise [reoxidize, -USA].

* volver a pedir = reorder [re-order].

* volver a pintar = repaint [re-paint].

* volver a planificar = reschedule.

* volver a plantearse = reconceive of.

* volver a ponerse al día = be back on track, be on track.

* volver a por sus fueros = be back on track, be on track, bite back.

* volver a preguntar = check back.

* volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].

* volver a prestar atención = refocus + attention.

* volver a procesar = reprocess.

* volver a programar = reschedule.

* volver a promover un producto = rehyping.

* volver a publicar = reissue [re-issue].

* volver a recibir financiación = re-fund.

* volver a representar = remap.

* volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].

* volver a salir = come back out.

* volver a salir a la superficie = resurface.

* volver a ser condenado = reconviction.

* volver a ser lo que era = be back on track, be on track.

* volver a subvencionar = re-fund.

* volver a su camino = get back on + track, get back on + Posesivo + path.

* volver a tomar = regain, retake.

* volver a traducir = remap.

* volver a traer = restore.

* volver atrás = turn + the clock back, go + backwards.

* volver a tratar = revisit.

* volver a unir = reunite [re-unite].

* volver a untar grasa al cojinete = repack + bearing.

* volver a usar = reuse [re-use].

* volver a utilizar = recapture, reutilise [reutilize, -USA].

* volver a vivir = relive.

* volver corriendo = scurry back.

* volver de nuevo = come back out.

* volver el reloj atrás = turn + the clock back.

* volver en + Expresión Temporal = be back in + Expresión Temporal.

* volver en sí = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.

* volver hacia atrás = backtrack [back-track].

* volver la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.

* volver la espalda = give + Nombre + the cold shoulder, turn + a cold shoulder to, cold-shoulder.

* volver la espalda a = turn + Posesivo + back on.

* volver la página = turn over + page.

* volver las tornas = turn + the tables (on).

* volver la vista atrás = look back.

* volverlo a hacer = go and do it again.

* volver loco = drive + Alguien + (a)round the bend, piss + Nombre + off.

* volver loco a Alguien = have + Nombre + jump through the hoops, push + Alguien + over the edge.

* volver loco, exasperar, sacar de quicio, cabrear, encabronar, dar por culo, = piss + Nombre + off.

* volver pronto = haste back.

* volverse = become, turn into, swing around, turn (a)round.

* volverse + Adjetivo = grow + Adjetivo.

* volverse a reunir = reconvene.

* volverse a unir a = rejoin.

* volverse chalado = go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse chiflado = go + potty, go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse ciego = become + blind.

* volverse + Color = turn to + Color.

* volverse cruel = become + vicious.

* volverse en contra de = turn against.

* volverse estúpido = go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse etéreo = etherealise [etherealize, -USA].

* volverse frenético = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, work up + a lather.

* volverse ilegible = become + unreadable.

* volverse líquido = turn to + liquid.

* volverse loco = go + bananas, take + leave of + Posesivo + senses, go + mad, run + amok, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, go + berserk, go + postal, go + wild, go + crazy, go + nuts, go + potty, get + a buzz from, go out of + Posesivo + mind, throw + a wobbly, go off + the rails, throw + a wobbler, go + haywire, go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse loco de alegría = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.

* volverse loco por = sweep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + feet, go + gaga (over).

* volverse majareta = go + potty, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go off + the rails, go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse marrón = turn + brown.

* volverse obscuro = turn + dark.

* volverse obsoleto = go out of + date, become + obsolete, go out of + fashion, obsolesce.

* volverse obsoleto, pasar de moda, caducar = become + obsolete.

* volverse oscuro = turn + dark.

* volverse violento = turn + violent.

* volver sobre = retrace.

* volver sobre los pasos de Uno = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + steps.

* volver tarde a casa = stay out + late.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( regresar - al lugar donde se está) to come back; (- a otro lugar) to go back

no sé a qué hora volveré — I don't know what time I'll be back

¿cómo vas a volver? — how are you getting back?

volvió muy cambiada — she came back o returned a different person

¿cuándo piensas volver por aquí? — when do you think you'll be o come back this way?

ha vuelto con su familia — she's gone back to her family

volver a algo — < a un lugar> to go back to something; <a una situación/actividad> to return to something

no había vuelto a su pueblo — he hadn't been back to his home town

volver a clases — to go back to school

volviendo a lo que decía... — to get o go back to what I was saying...

ya volvemos a lo de siempre — so we're back to the same problem

volver de algo: ¿cuándo volviste de las vacaciones? when did you get back from your vacation?; ha vuelto de Roma she's back from Rome; volvió cansado del trabajo he was tired when he got home from work; volver atrás — ( literal) to go o turn back; ( al pasado) to turn back the clock

2)

a) ( repetirse) momento to return

b) calma/paz to return

volver a algo — to return to something

3)

volver en sí — to come to o round

4) ( reconciliarse)

volver con alguien — to make up with somebody
2.
volver v aux

volver a + inf: volver a empezar to start again o (AmE) over; no volverá a ocurrir it won't happen again; no lo volví a ver I never saw him again; lo tuve que volver a llevar al taller — I had to take it back to the workshop
3.
volver vt

1) ( dar la vuelta)

a) <colchón/tortilla> to turn (over); < tierra> to turn o dig over; <calcetín/chaqueta> ( poner del revés) to turn... inside out; ( poner del derecho) to turn... the right way round; < cuello> to turn

volver la página — to turn the page

b) <cabeza/mirada>

volvió la cabeza — she turned her head

volvió la mirada hacia mí — he turned his gaze toward(s) me

c) < esquina> to turn

2) (convertir en, poner)

la ha vuelto muy egoísta — it has made her very selfish

me está volviendo loca — it's/he's/she's driving me mad

lo vuelve de otro color — it turns it a different color

3) (Méx)

volver el estómago — to be sick
4.
volverse v pron

1) ( girar) to turn (around)

se volvió hacia él — she turned to face him

no te vuelvas, que nos están siguiendo — don't look back, we're being followed

se volvió de espaldas — he turned his back on me (o her etc)

volverse boca arriba/abajo — to turn over onto one's back/stomach

volverse atrás — to back out

volverse contra alguien — to turn against somebody

2) (convertirse en, ponerse)

se ha vuelto muy antipático — he's become very unpleasant

se está volviendo muy quisquillosa — she's getting very fussy

se vuelve agrio — it turns o goes sour

se volvió loca — she went mad

* * *

= come back, render, return, switch back, turn back, turn over + page, turn over, get back, be back.

Ex: He wondered whether to chase after Duff and order him to come back or wait and see him later, after she had regained her composure.

Ex: So strongly was it felt by proponents of change that just such unconscious biases rendered libraries 'part of the problem, instead of the solution'.

Ex: Returning to government agencies, some agencies are treated as subordinate to a government, whilst others are entered independently.

Ex: A code at the bottom of the local document summary and full information screens allow switching back to the system catalog.

Ex: It might be wise for you to turn back and re-read what was said in section 2.

Ex: Turn over the page and you will find suggested analyses against which you can check your solution.

Ex: Then he picked up about 2 cm. of type from the right-hand end of the uppermost line (i.e. the last word or two of the last line) with the thumb and forefinger of his right hand, read it, and dropped the pieces of type one by one into their proper boxes, turning over the old house.

Ex: I have been off on vacation and just got back.

Ex: Which means I'd give the whole shooting match just to be back where I was before I quit sleeping under the stars and come into the hen-coops.

* acción de volver a contar algo = retelling.

* aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.

* hacer que la gente se vuelva a mirar = make + heads turn.

* hora de volver a casa = curfew.

* la historia + volverse a repetir = history + come full circle.

* las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.

* no volver = go + forever.

* no volver hasta + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* no volver la vista atrás = never + look back.

* que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.

* volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.

* volver a = depart to, get back to, go back to, move back to, revert (to), go + full circle back to, circle back to, backtrack [back-track], recur to, roll back to, revert back to, head back to, slide back to, default to.

* volver a abrir = be back in business.

* volver a adoptar = resume.

* volver a albergar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a alfombrar = recarpet [re-carpet].

* volver a Alguien loco = drive + Alguien + up a wall, drive + Alguien + to despair, drive + Alguien + mad, drive + Alguien + insane, drive + Alguien + crazy, drive + Alguien + nuts, drive + Alguien + potty.

* volver a almacenar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a alojar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a alquilar = rehire [re-hire].

* volver a analizar = reexamine [re-examine], reanalyse [reanalyze, -USA].

* volver a aparecer = resurface.

* volver a aprender = relearn.

* volver a asegurar = reinsure.

* volver a asentar = resettle.

* volver a atar = re-tie.

* volver a bautizar = re-baptise [re-baptize, -USA].

* volver a caer (en) = relapse (into).

* volver a calcular = recalculation.

* volver a cargar = reload.

* volver a casa = go + home again.

* volver a casarse = remarry.

* volver a clasificar = refolder.

* volver a combinar = recombine [re-combine].

* volver a comprimir = recompress.

* volver a comprobar = check back.

* volver a conectar = reconnect [re-connect].

* volver a congelarse = re-freeze [refreeze].

* volver a considerar = reconsider.

* volver a consultar = revisit, check back.

* volver a contar = recount, retell.

* volver a contextualizar = recontextualise [recontextualize, USA].

* volver a contratar = rehire [re-hire].

* volver a convertir = reconvert.

* volver a convocar = reconvene.

* volver a copiar = recopy.

* volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

* volver a dar forma = reshape [re-shape].

* volver a descubrir = rediscover.

* volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].

* volver a determinar = respecify.

* volver a diseñar = redesign [re-design], repurpose [re-purpose].

* volver a dotar = re-equip [reequip].

* volver a ejecutar = rerun [re-run].

* volver a empezar = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board, a fresh start, start over, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volver a empezar de cero = be back to square one, go back to + square one.

* volver a encuadernar = rebind [re-bind].

* volver a enmoquetar = recarpeting.

* volver a enseñar = retrain [re-train].

* volver a entrar = come back in.

* volver a enviar = resubmit [re-submit], reship, resend [re-send].

* volver a equipar = re-equip [reequip].

* volver a escribir = retype [re-type], rewrite [re-write].

* volver a especificar = respecify.

* volver a establecer equivalencias = remap.

* volver a evaluar = reassess [re-assess], reevaluate [re-evaluate], reappraise.

* volver a financiar = re-fund.

* volver a formarse = reform.

* volver a formatear = reformat [re-format].

* volver a funcionar = be back in business.

* volver a guardar = rehouse [re-house].

* volver a hablar innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].

* volver a hacer = redo [re-do], remake.

* volver a hacer un examen = retake + an exam.

* volver a hidratar = rehydrate.

* volver a imprimir = reprint.

* volver a incluir = reinstate.

* volver a indizar = re-index [reindex].

* volver a inscribir = reregister.

* volver a insertar = reinsert.

* volver a insertar en el ordenador = rekey [re-key].

* volver a intentar = retry [re-try].

* volver a interpretar = reinterpret [re-interpret].

* volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

* volver a juzgar = retry [re-try].

* volver a la etapa de planificación = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board.

* volver a la normalidad = get back to + normal, return to + normalcy, get (back) into + the swings of things.

* volver a la popularidad = return to + favour.

* volver a la seguridad de = burrow back into.

* volver a la vida normal = get (back) into + the swings of things.

* volver a leer = reread [re-read].

* volver a levantar el sistema = restart.

* volver Algo a su estado anterior = put + Nombre + back on track.

* volver Algo del revés = turn + Nombre + inside-out.

* volver Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.

* volver al pasado = turn + the clock back.

* volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.

* volver al punto de partida = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volver al redil = return to + the fold.

* volver a manejar = rehandle.

* volver a mezclar = remix.

* volver a montar = reassemble [re-assemble].

* volver a mostrar = redisplay.

* volver a nacer = have + a lucky escape, have + a narrow escape.

* volver a nombrar = rename.

* volver a ordenar = resort.

* volver a oxidar = reoxidise [reoxidize, -USA].

* volver a pedir = reorder [re-order].

* volver a pintar = repaint [re-paint].

* volver a planificar = reschedule.

* volver a plantearse = reconceive of.

* volver a ponerse al día = be back on track, be on track.

* volver a por sus fueros = be back on track, be on track, bite back.

* volver a preguntar = check back.

* volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].

* volver a prestar atención = refocus + attention.

* volver a procesar = reprocess.

* volver a programar = reschedule.

* volver a promover un producto = rehyping.

* volver a publicar = reissue [re-issue].

* volver a recibir financiación = re-fund.

* volver a representar = remap.

* volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].

* volver a salir = come back out.

* volver a salir a la superficie = resurface.

* volver a ser condenado = reconviction.

* volver a ser lo que era = be back on track, be on track.

* volver a subvencionar = re-fund.

* volver a su camino = get back on + track, get back on + Posesivo + path.

* volver a tomar = regain, retake.

* volver a traducir = remap.

* volver a traer = restore.

* volver atrás = turn + the clock back, go + backwards.

* volver a tratar = revisit.

* volver a unir = reunite [re-unite].

* volver a untar grasa al cojinete = repack + bearing.

* volver a usar = reuse [re-use].

* volver a utilizar = recapture, reutilise [reutilize, -USA].

* volver a vivir = relive.

* volver corriendo = scurry back.

* volver de nuevo = come back out.

* volver el reloj atrás = turn + the clock back.

* volver en + Expresión Temporal = be back in + Expresión Temporal.

* volver en sí = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.

* volver hacia atrás = backtrack [back-track].

* volver la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.

* volver la espalda = give + Nombre + the cold shoulder, turn + a cold shoulder to, cold-shoulder.

* volver la espalda a = turn + Posesivo + back on.

* volver la página = turn over + page.

* volver las tornas = turn + the tables (on).

* volver la vista atrás = look back.

* volverlo a hacer = go and do it again.

* volver loco = drive + Alguien + (a)round the bend, piss + Nombre + off.

* volver loco a Alguien = have + Nombre + jump through the hoops, push + Alguien + over the edge.

* volver loco, exasperar, sacar de quicio, cabrear, encabronar, dar por culo, = piss + Nombre + off.

* volver pronto = haste back.

* volverse = become, turn into, swing around, turn (a)round.

* volverse + Adjetivo = grow + Adjetivo.

* volverse a reunir = reconvene.

* volverse a unir a = rejoin.

* volverse chalado = go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse chiflado = go + potty, go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse ciego = become + blind.

* volverse + Color = turn to + Color.

* volverse cruel = become + vicious.

* volverse en contra de = turn against.

* volverse estúpido = go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse etéreo = etherealise [etherealize, -USA].

* volverse frenético = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, work up + a lather.

* volverse ilegible = become + unreadable.

* volverse líquido = turn to + liquid.

* volverse loco = go + bananas, take + leave of + Posesivo + senses, go + mad, run + amok, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, go + berserk, go + postal, go + wild, go + crazy, go + nuts, go + potty, get + a buzz from, go out of + Posesivo + mind, throw + a wobbly, go off + the rails, throw + a wobbler, go + haywire, go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse loco de alegría = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.

* volverse loco por = sweep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + feet, go + gaga (over).

* volverse majareta = go + potty, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go off + the rails, go off + Posesivo + rocker.

* volverse marrón = turn + brown.

* volverse obscuro = turn + dark.

* volverse obsoleto = go out of + date, become + obsolete, go out of + fashion, obsolesce.

* volverse obsoleto, pasar de moda, caducar = become + obsolete.

* volverse oscuro = turn + dark.

* volverse violento = turn + violent.

* volver sobre = retrace.

* volver sobre los pasos de Uno = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + steps.

* volver tarde a casa = stay out + late.

* * *

volver [ E11 ]

vi

A (regresar — al lugar donde se está) to come back; (— a otro lugar) to go back

no sé a qué hora volveré I don't know what time I'll be back

¿no piensas volver allí algún día? don't you intend going back there some day?

dos de los cazas no volvieron two of the fighters failed to return

vete y no vuelvas más get out and don't ever come back

volvió muy cambiada she came back o returned a different person

¿cuándo piensas volver por aquí? when do you think you'll be o get o come back this way?

ha vuelto con su familia she's gone back to her family

no sé cómo consiguió volver I don't know how he managed to get back

volver A algo:

nunca volvió a Alemania she never went back to o returned to Germany

no había vuelto a su pueblo desde que era pequeño he hadn't been back to his home town since he was a child

logró volver al campamento she managed to get back to the camp

¿cuándo vuelves al colegio? when do you go back to school?

volver DE algo:

¿cuándo volviste de las vacaciones? when did you get back from your vacation?

¿sabes si ha vuelto de Roma? do you know if she's back from Rome?

volvieron del lugar del accidente they returned o came back from the scene of the accident

siempre vuelve cansado del trabajo he's always tired when he gets o comes home from work

volver atrás (en un viaje) to go o turn back; (al pasado) to turn back the clock

veo que no han entendido, volvamos atrás I can see you haven't understood, let's go back over it again

vuelve y juega … ( Col fam); here we go again … ( colloq)

B

1 (a una situación, una actividad) volver A algo to return TO sth

el país ha vuelto a la normalidad the country is back to o has returned to normal

está pensando en volver al mundo del espectáculo she's thinking of returning to o making a comeback in show business

2 (a un tema) volver A algo:

volviendo a lo que hablábamos… to go back to what we were talking about…

ya volvemos a lo de siempre so we're back to the same old problem

siempre vuelve al mismo tema he always comes back to the same subject

C

1 (repetirse) «momento» to return

aquellos días felices que no volverán those happy days that will never return

2 «calma/paz» to return volver A algo:

la paz ha vuelto a la zona peace has returned to the area, the area is peaceful again

la normalidad ha vuelto a la fábrica the situation at the factory is back to normal

D

volver en sí to come to o round

trataban de hacerlo volver en sí they were trying to bring him round

E ( Méx) (vomitar) to be sick

■

v aux

volver A + INF:

no volverá a ocurrir it won't happen again

no hemos vuelto a verlo we haven't seen him since

no volvió a probar el alcohol she never drank alcohol again

me volvió a llenar el vaso she refilled my glass

lo tuve que volver a llevar al taller I had to take it back to the workshop

■ volver

vt

A (dar la vuelta)

1 ‹colchón/tortilla/filete› to turn, turn over; ‹tierra› to turn o dig over

2 ‹calcetín/chaqueta› to turn … inside out; ‹cuello› to turn

vuelve la manga, que la tienes del revés pull the sleeve out, you've got it inside out

3

volver la página or hoja to turn the page, turn over

4 ‹cabeza/ojos›

volvió la cabeza para ver quién la seguía she turned her head o she looked around to see who was following her

volvió los ojos/la mirada hacia mí he turned his eyes/his gaze toward(s) me

volver la mirada hacia el pasado to look back to the past

5 ‹esquina› to turn

está ahí, nada más volver la esquina it's up there, just around the corner

B (convertir en, poner) to make

la ha vuelto muy egoísta it has made her very selfish

la televisión los está volviendo tontos television is turning them into morons

lo vuelve de otro color it turns it a different color

C

( Méx): volver el estómago to be sick

■ volverse

v pron

A (darse la vuelta, girar) to turn, turn around

se volvió para ver quién la llamaba she turned (around) to see who was calling her

se volvió hacia él she turned to face him

no te vuelvas, que nos siguen don't look back, we're being followed

se volvió de espaldas he turned his back on me/her/them

volverse boca arriba/abajo to turn over onto one's back/stomach

volverse atrás to back out

volverse contra algn to turn against sb

B

(convertirse en, ponerse): últimamente se ha vuelto muy antipática she's become very unpleasant recently

el partido se ha vuelto más radical the party has grown o become more radical

su mirada se volvió triste his expression saddened o grew sad

se está volviendo muy quisquillosa she's getting very fussy

se vuelve agrio it turns o goes sour

se volvió loca she went mad

* * *

volver ( conjugate volver) verbo intransitivo
1 ( regresar — al lugar donde se está) to come back;
(— a otro lugar) to go back;
◊ no sé a qué hora volveré I don't know what time I'll be back;

¿cómo vas a volver? how are you getting back?;
ha vuelto con su familia she's gone back to her family;
volver a algo ‹ a un lugar› to go back to sth;

‹a una situación/actividad› to return to sth;
◊ mañana volvemos a clases tomorrow we go back to school;

quiere volver al mundo del espectáculo he wants to return to show business;
volviendo a lo que decía … to get o go back to what I was saying …;
¿cuándo volviste de las vacaciones? when did you get back from your vacation?;
ha vuelto de París she's back from Paris
2 [calma/paz] to return;
volver a algo to return to sth
3
◊ volver en sí to come to o round

volver v aux:
◊ volver a empezar to start again o (AmE) over;

no volverá a ocurrir it won't happen again;
lo tuve que volver a llevar al taller I had to take it back to the workshop
verbo transitivo
1 ( dar la vuelta)
a) ‹colchón/tortilla› to turn (over);

‹ tierra› to turn o dig over;
‹calcetín/chaqueta› ( poner — del revés) to turn … inside out;
(— del derecho) to turn … the right way round;
‹ cuello› to turn;
◊ volver la página to turn the page

b) ‹ cabeza› to turn;

◊ volvió la mirada hacia mí he turned his gaze toward(s) me

c) ‹ esquina› to turn

2 (convertir en, poner):
◊ la ha vuelto muy egoísta it has made her very selfish;

me está volviendo loca it's/he's/she's driving me mad
3 (Méx)
◊ volver el estómago to be sick

volverse verbo pronominal
1 ( girar) to turn (around);
◊ se volvió hacia él she turned to face him;

no te vuelvas, que nos están siguiendo don't look back, we're being followed;
se volvió de espaldas he turned his back on me (o her etc);
volverse boca arriba/abajo to turn over onto one's back/stomach
2 (convertirse en, ponerse):
◊ se ha vuelto muy antipático he's become very unpleasant;

se vuelve agrio it turns o goes sour;
se volvió loca she went mad
volver
I verbo intransitivo
1 (retornar, regresar: hacia el hablante) to return, come back: volveremos mañana, we'll come back tomorrow
(: a otro sitio) to return, go back: volvió a su casa, she went back to her home
2 (: una acción, situación, etc) volveremos sobre ese asunto esta tarde, we'll come back to that subject this afternoon
(expresando repetición) lo volvió a hacer, he did it again
volver a empezar, to start again o US over
II verbo transitivo
1 (dar la vuelta: a una tortilla, etc) to turn over
(a un calcetín, etc) to turn inside out
(a la esquina, la página) to turn
(la mirada, etc) to turn 2 volverle la espalda a alguien, to turn one's back on sb
♦ Locuciones: familiar figurado (superar un gran peligro) volver a nacer: sobrevivió al naufragio, ha vuelto a nacer, he survived the shipwreck miraculously
volver en sí, to come round
volver la vista atrás, (mirar al pasado) to look back
volver a alguien loco: me está volviendo loco, she's driving me mad o crazy
' volver' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ambages
- andadas
- carga
- clara
- claro
- emocionante
- enajenar
- entenderse
- escopetazo
- espalda
- estragos
- garantizar
- grupa
- hervir
- idea
- imperiosa
- imperioso
- indisponer
- loca
- loco
- mentalizarse
- mico
- normalizar
- placer
- recalentar
- rellenar
- repasar
- repetir
- resentirse
- retroceder
- soler
- soñar
- tornar
- trastornar
- venir
- vista
- arreglar
- cuidar
- empezar
- endurecer
- gana
- hacer
- poder
- rehacer
- tal
- vuelto
- vuelva
English:
again
- ask back
- before
- call back
- circle
- clock
- come back
- come round
- come to
- despair
- double back
- drive
- get back
- go back
- go back to
- insane
- lapse
- live through
- look round
- mad
- make
- mind
- move back
- nuts
- paint over
- put back
- rake up
- re-enter
- re-erect
- reapply
- reappoint
- reassemble
- reassess
- reconvene
- reimpose
- rekindle
- remarry
- render
- reoccupy
- reopen
- repeat
- replace
- replay
- replenish
- reread
- rerun
- reschedule
- resit
- restock
- resume

* * *

volver

♦ vt

1. [dar la vuelta a] to turn round;
[lo de arriba abajo] to turn over; [lo de dentro fuera] to turn inside out;
vuelve la tele hacia aquí, que la veamos turn the TV round this way so we can see it;

ayúdame a volver el colchón help me turn the mattress over;

volver la hoja o [m5] página to turn the page;

al volver la esquina when we turned the corner

2. [cabeza, ojos, mirada] to turn;

vuelve la espalda turn your back to me

3. [convertir en]
eso lo volvió un delincuente that made him a criminal, that turned him into a criminal;

la lejía volvió blanca la camisa the bleach turned the shirt white

4. Méx
volver el estómago to throw up

♦ vi

1. [persona] [ir de vuelta] to go back, to return;
[venir de vuelta] to come back, to return;
yo allí/aquí no vuelvo I'm not going back there/coming back here;

vuelve, no te vayas come back, don't go;

¿cuándo has vuelto? when did you get back?;

al volver pasé por el supermercado I stopped off at the supermarket on the o my way back;

no vuelvas tarde don't be late (back);

ya he vuelto a casa I'm back home;

volver atrás to go back;

cuando vuelva del trabajo when I get back from work;

aún no ha vuelto del trabajo she isn't back o hasn't got back from work yet;

ha vuelto muy morena de la playa she's come back from the seaside with a nice tan

2. [mal tiempo, alegría, tranquilidad] to return;

cuando vuelva el verano when it's summer again;

todo volvió a la normalidad everything went back o returned to normal;

vuelve la minifalda miniskirts are back

3. [reanudar]
volver a la tarea to return to one's work;

volver al trabajo/al colegio to go back to work/school;

volviendo al tema que nos ocupa… to go back to the matter we are discussing…;

vuelve a leerlo read it again;

tras el verano volvió a dar clases en la universidad once the summer was over she started teaching at the university again;

vuelve a ponerlo en su sitio put it back;

vuelve a dormirte go back to sleep;

volver con alguien [reanudar relación] to go back to sb;

Comp

volver a nacer to be reborn

4.
volver en sí to come to, to regain consciousness

♦ See also the pronominal verb volverse

* * *

volver

<part vuelto>

I v/t

1 página, mirada etc turn (a to;

hacia toward); tortilla, filete turn (over); vestido turn inside outXXX; boca abajo turn upside down

2

:

volver loco drive crazy;

el humo volvío negra la pared the smoke turned the wall black, the smoke made the wall go black

II v/i

1 return, go/come back;

volver a casa go/come back home;

¿cuándo vuelven? when do they get back?;

volver sobre algo return to sth, go back to sth;

volver a la normalidad return to normality

2

:

volver en sí come to, come around

3

:

volver a hacer algo do sth again;

volver a fumar start smoking again

* * *

volver {89} vi

1) : to return, to come or go back

volver a casa: to return home

2) : to revert

volver al tema: to get back to the subject

3)

volver a : to do again

volvieron a llamar: they called again

4)

volver en sí : to come to, to regain consciousness

volver vt

1) : to turn, to turn over, to turn inside out

2) : to return, to repay, to restore

3) : to cause, to make

la volvía loca: it was driving her crazy

♦ See also the reflexive verb volverse

* * *

volver vb

1. (regresar) to come back [pt. came; pp. come] / to go back

vuelve a casa come back home

volveré dentro de una hora I'll be back in an hour

le gustaría volver a Londres he'd like to go back to London

2. (repetir)... again

¿puedes volver a decirlo? can you say that again?

ha vuelto a salir he's gone out again

volveré a llamar I'll ring back

3. (dar la vuelta a) to turn over / to turn

volví la hoja I turned the piece of paper over

volvió el vestido del revés she turned the dress inside out

volver en sí to come round

volver la cabeza to look round

volvió la cabeza hacia la puerta she looked towards the door

Spanish-English dictionary > volver
10 turn

tə:n
1. verb
1) (to (make something) move or go round; to revolve: The wheels turned; He turned the handle.) girar

2) (to face or go in another direction: He turned and walked away; She turned towards him.) dar media vuelta, girarse

3) (to change direction: The road turned to the left.) girar

4) (to direct; to aim or point: He turned his attention to his work.) dirigir; desviar

5) (to go round: They turned the corner.) doblar

6) (to (cause something to) become or change to: You can't turn lead into gold; At what temperature does water turn into ice?) volverse, convertirse, transformarse

7) (to (cause to) change colour to: Her hair turned white; The shock turned his hair white.) volverse

2. noun
1) (an act of turning: He gave the handle a turn.) giro

2) (a winding or coil: There are eighty turns of wire on this aerial.) vuelta

3) ((also turning) a point where one can change direction, eg where one road joins another: Take the third turn(ing) on/to the left.) curva, recodo

4) (one's chance or duty (to do, have etc something shared by several people): It's your turn to choose a record; You'll have to wait your turn in the bathroom.) turno

5) (one of a series of short circus or variety acts, or the person or persons who perform it: The show opened with a comedy turn.) número

•

- turning-point
- turnover
- turnstile
- turntable
- turn-up
- by turns
- do someone a good turn
- do a good turn
- in turn
- by turns
- out of turn
- speak out of turn
- take a turn for the better
- worse
- take turns
- turn a blind eye
- turn against
- turn away
- turn back
- turn down
- turn in
- turn loose
- turn off
- turn on
- turn out
- turn over
- turn up

turn¹ n

1. turno

it's your turn to bat te toca a ti batear

2. calle

take the next turn on the left coge la próxima calle a la izquierda

to take it in turns turnarse

we took it in turns to wash up nos turnábamos para fregar los platos

turn² vb

1. girar / dar vueltas

turn the knob to open the door gira el pomo para abrir la puerta

2. girar / torcer

turn right at the traffic lights en el semáforo, gira a la derecha

3. dar la vuelta

turn it the other way up dale la vuelta

4. pasar / volver

he turned the page pasó la página

5. volverse / darse la vuelta

she turned and looked at me se volvió y me miró

6. volverse / ponerse

she turned red se puso roja

the leaves turn yellow in autumn las hojas se vuelven amarillas en otoño

to turn a corner doblar la esquina

turn

tr[tɜːn]

noun

1 (act of turning) vuelta

2 (change of direction) giro, vuelta; (bend) curva, recodo

■ take the second turn on the left tome la segunda a la izquierda

3 (chance, go) turno

■ whose turn is it? ¿a quién le toca?

■ we took turns at driving nos turnamos para conducir

■ you have to wait your turn tienes que esperar tu turno

4 (change) cambio, giro

■ things have taken a turn for the worse las cosas han empeorado

■ events have taken a strange turn los acontecimientos han dado un giro extraño

5 (short walk) vuelta, paseo

6 (attack of illness) ataque nombre masculino; (shock) susto

7 (act of kindness, favour) favor nombre masculino

8 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL (act) número

transitive verb

1 (rotate) girar, hacer girar, dar la vuelta a

■ turn the key gira la llave

2 (page) pasar, volver; (soil) revolver; (ankle) torcer

3 (cause to change direction) girar, dar la vuelta a

■ turn right at the next traffic lights gira a la derecha en el próximo semáforo

■ he turned the corner dobló en la esquina

■ about turn! ¡media vuelta!

4 (invert) darle la vuelta a

5 (change) convertir, transformar, volver; (milk) agriar; (stomach) revolver

■ they turned the cinema into a bingo hall convirtieron el cine en un bingo

■ Jesus turned the water into wine Jesús transformó el agua en vino

■ they turned the book into a film adaptaron el libro al cine

■ it turned her into a different person la convirtió en una persona diferente, la convirtió en otra persona

6 (pass) pasar

■ it's turned twelve pasan de las doce, son más de las doce, son las doce pasadas

■ he's turned sixty ya ha cumplido los sesenta

7 (fold) doblar

8 (shape) tornear, labrar en un torno

intransitive verb

1 (revolve) girar, dar vueltas

■ the wheels turned slowly las ruedas giraron despacio

2 (change direction - person) girarse, dar la vuelta, volverse; (- car) girar, torcer; (- plane, ship) virar; (- tide) repuntar

■ she turned and looked at me se giró y me miró

■ I tossed and turned all night long me estuve revolviendo toda la noche

■ the car turned left el coche giró a la izquierda

■ the road turns to the right here aquí la carretera tuerce a la derecha

3 (become) hacerse, ponerse, volverse; (milk) agriarse, cortarse

■ my hair's turning grey me están saliendo canas

■ the traffic light turned green el semáforo se puso en verde

■ she turns red easily se pone colorada fácilmente

■ he can turn quite nasty a veces se pone feo

■ it has turned from a small fishing village into a tourist resort de pueblecito de pescadores se ha convertido en centro turístico

■ caterpillars turn into butterflies las orugas se convierten en mariposas

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at every turn a cada paso, a cada momento

by turns / in turns por turnos, sucesivamente

in turn a su vez, por su parte

on the turn a punto de cambiar

one good turn deserves another favor con favor se paga

out of turn fuera de lugar

to be badly turned out ir mal vestido,-a

to be done to a turn / be cooked to a turn estar en su punto

to be well turned out ir bien vestido,-a

to do somebody a good turn hacerle un favor a alguien

to do somebody a bad turn hacer un mala pasada a alguien

to take it in turns turnarse

to turn free dejar en libertad, soltar

to turn one's hand to something dedicarse a algo

to turn somebody's head afectar mucho a alguien

■ success has turned his head el éxito se le ha subido a la cabeza

to turn something inside out (back to front) dar la vuelta a 2 (make a mess) revolver

■ she turned the jeans inside out les dio la vuelta a los tejanos

■ they turned the house inside out, but they couldn't find it revolvieron toda la casa, pero no lo encontraron

turn and turn about por turnos

turn of phrase manera de expresarse

turn of the century finales nombre masculino plural de siglo

turn of the screw vuelta del tornillo

turn ['tərn] vt

1) : girar, voltear, volver

to turn one's head: voltear la cabeza

she turned her chair toward the fire: giró su asiento hacia la hoguera

2) rotate: darle vuelta a, hacer girar

turn the handle: dale vuelta a la manivela

3) sprain, wrench: dislocar, torcer

4) upset: revolver (el estómago)

5) transform: convertir

to turn water into wine: convertir el agua en vino

6) shape: tornear (en carpintería)

turn vi

1) rotate: girar, dar vueltas

2) : girar, doblar, dar una vuelta

turn left: doble a la izquierda

to turn around: dar la media vuelta

3) become: hacerse, volverse, ponerse

4) sour: agriarse, cortarse (dícese de la leche)

5)

to turn to : recurrir a

they have no one to turn to: no tienen quien les ayude

turn n

1) : vuelta f, giro m

a sudden turn: una vuelta repentina

2) change: cambio m

3) curve: curva f (en un camino)

4) : turno m

they're awaiting their turn: están esperando su turno

whose turn is it?: ¿a quién le toca?

turn (in lathe)

v.

• tornear v. (sth.) up

expr.

• descubrir (algo) v.

v.

• cambiar v.

• dar vueltas a v.

• doblar v.

• girar v.

• recurrir v.

• torcer v.

• tornar v.

• virar v.

• volver v.

n.

• cambio s.m.

• curva s.f.

• giro s.m.

• lance s.m.

• recodo s.m.

• retortero s.m.

• revuelto s.m.

• sesgo s.m.

• torneado s.m.

• torno s.m.

• turno s.m.

• vez s.f.

• viraje s.m.

• vuelta s.f.

tɜːrn, tɜːn
I

noun

1)

a) ( rotation) vuelta f

give it another turn — dale otra vuelta

a half turn — media vuelta

to a turn: the meat was done to a turn — la carne estaba hecha a la perfección, la carne estaba en su punto justo

b) ( change of direction) vuelta f, giro m

no left turn — prohibido girar or doblar or torcer a la izquierda

c) ( bend) curva f; ( turning)

take the next left/right turn — tome or (esp Esp) coja or (esp AmL) agarre la próxima a la izquierda/derecha

at every turn — a cada paso, a cada momento

d) (change, alteration)

a turn in the weather — un cambio en el tiempo

this dramatic turn of events — este dramático giro de los acontecimientos

events took an unexpected turn — los acontecimientos dieron un giro inesperado

to take a turn for the better — empezar* a mejorar

to take a turn for the worse — empeorar, ponerse* peor

the turn of the century — el final del siglo ( y el principio del siguiente)

to be on the turn — \<\<events/tide\>\> estar* cambiando; \<\<leaves\>\> estar* cambiando de color; \<\<milk/food\>\> (BrE) estar* echándose a perder

2)

a) ( place in sequence)

whose turn is it? — ¿a quién le toca?

I think it's my turn — creo que me toca (el turno) a mí

you'll have to wait your turn — vas a tener que esperar que te toque (el turno)

to take turns o to take it in turn(s) — turnarse

we'll take turns o we'll take it in turn(s) to do the cooking — nos vamos a turnar para cocinar, vamos a cocinar por turnos

b) (in phrases)

by turns — sucesivamente

in turn: each in turn was asked the same question a cada uno de ellos se le hizo la misma pregunta; out of turn: she realized she'd spoken out of turn — se dio cuenta de que su comentario (or interrupción etc) había estado fuera de lugar

3) ( service)

to do somebody a good turn — hacerle* un favor a alguien

one good turn deserves another — favor con favor se paga

4) (form, style)

she has a logical/practical turn of mind — es muy lógica/práctica

she has a witty turn of phrase — tiene una manera ingeniosa de expresarse

5)

a) (bout of illness, disability)

he had a funny turn — le dio un ataque (or un mareo etc)

b) ( nervous shock) susto m

you gave me quite a turn — me diste un buen susto

6) ( act) (esp BrE) número m

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( rotate) \<\<knob/handle/wheel\>\> (hacer*) girar

he turned the key in the lock — hizo girar la llave en la cerradura

b) (set, regulate)

to turn something to something: turn the knob to `hot' ponga el indicador en `caliente'; he turned the oven to a lower temperature — bajó la temperatura del horno

2)

a) (change position, direction of) \<\<head\>\> volver*, voltear (AmL exc RPl)

turn your head a little to the side — gira la cabeza un poco hacia un lado

she turned her back on them — les volvió or les dio la espalda, les volteó la espalda (AmL exc RPl)

he slipped out while my back was turned — salió disimuladamente mientras yo estaba de espaldas

the nurse turned her onto her side — la enfermera la puso de lado

can you turn the TV this way a bit? — ¿puedes poner el televisor más para este lado?

b) (direct, apply)

to turn something to something: I turned my mind to more pleasant thoughts me puse a pensar en cosas más agradables; the administration has turned its efforts to... la administración ha dirigido sus esfuerzos a...; they turned the situation to their own profit — utilizaron la situación para su propio provecho; advantage b)

3)

a) ( reverse) \<\<mattress/omelette\>\> darle* la vuelta a, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<page\>\> pasar, volver*, dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<soil\>\> remover*, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS)

he turned the card face down — puso or volvió la carta boca abajo

she sat turning the pages of a magazine — estaba sentada hojeando una revista

b) ( upset)

it turns my stomach — me revuelve el estómago

4)

a) ( go around) \<\<corner\>\> dar* la vuelta a, dar* vuelta (CS)

b) ( pass)

she's just turned 30 — acaba de cumplir (los) 30

5) ( send)

I couldn't simply turn him from my door — no le podía negar ayuda, no le podía volver la espalda; loose I 2)

6)

a) (change, transform) volver*

to turn something to/into something — transformar or convertir* algo en algo

they've turned the place into a pigsty! — han puesto la casa (or la habitación etc) como una pocilga!

she turned him into a frog — lo convirtió en un sapo

the experience turned him into a cynic — se volvió cínico con la experiencia

b) ( make sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriar

c) ( confuse) \<\<mind\>\> trastornar

7)

a) ( shape - on lathe) tornear; (- on potter's wheel) hacer*

b) ( formulate)

a well-turned phrase — una frase elegante or pulida

8) ( make) \<\<profit\>\> sacar*

2.

vi

1) ( rotate) \<\<handle/wheel\>\> girar, dar* vuelta(s)

the key turned easily in the lock — la llave giró fácilmente en la cerradura

it made my stomach turn — me revolvió el estómago

the earth turns on its axis every 24 hours — la Tierra gira sobre su eje cada 24 horas

the outcome of the election turns on one crucial factor — el resultado de las elecciones depende de un factor decisivo

my head was turning — todo me daba vueltas

2)

a) ( to face in different direction) \<\<person\>\> volverse*, darse* la vuelta, voltearse (AmL exc CS), darse* vuelta (CS); \<\<car\>\> dar* la vuelta, dar* vuelta (CS)

she turned to me with a smile — me miró sonriéndome, se volvió hacia mí con una sonrisa

he turned onto his side — se volvió or se puso de lado

left/right turn! — (BrE Mil) media vuelta a la izquierda/derecha!

b) (change course, direction)

the army then turned north — entonces el ejército cambió de rumbo, dirigiéndose al norte

to turn into a side street — meterse en una calle lateral

to turn left/right — girar or doblar or torcer* a la izquierda/derecha

c) ( curve) \<\<road/river\>\> torcer*

3)

a) ( focus on)

to turn to another subject — pasar a otro tema, cambiar de tema

his mind turned to thoughts of escape — se puso a pensar en escaparse

b) (resort, have recourse to)

to turn to violence/a friend — recurrir a la violencia/un amigo

she had no one to turn to — no tenía a quien recurrir

to turn to drink — darse* a la bebida

to turn to somebody/something for something: she turned to her parents for support recurrió or acudió a sus padres en busca de apoyo; he turned to nature for inspiration — buscó inspiración en la naturaleza

4)

a) ( become)

his face turned red — se le puso la cara colorada

things were turning nasty — las cosas se estaban poniendo feas

her hair had turned gray — había encanecido

he turned professional — se hizo profesional

Ed Wright, naturalist turned politician — Ed Wright, naturalista convertido en or vuelto político

b) ( be transformed)

to turn into something — convertirse* en algo

water turns into steam — el agua se convierte or se transforma en vapor

to turn to something — (liter) convertirse* en algo

everything he touched turned to gold — todo lo que tocaba se convertía en oro

c) ( change) \<\<luck/weather/tide\>\> cambiar

d) ( change color) \<\<leaves\>\> cambiar de color

e) ( go sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriarse

5) ( when reading)

turn to page 19 — abran el libro en la página 19, vayan a la página 19

turn back a couple of pages — vuelvan atrás un par de páginas

6) (AmE Busn) \<\<merchandise\>\> venderse

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- turn against

- turn around

- turn aside

- turn away

- turn back

- turn down

- turn in

- turn off

- turn on

- turn out

- turn over

- turn round

- turn up

- turn upon

[tɜːn]
1. N

1) (=rotation) vuelta f, revolución f; [of spiral] espira f

• with a quick turn of the hand — con un movimiento rápido de la mano

• he gave the handle a turn — dio vuelta a la palanca

• to give a screw another turn — apretar un tornillo una vuelta más

- he never does a hand's turn

2) (Aut) (in road) vuelta f, curva f

a road full of twists and turns — una carretera llena de curvas

no left turn — prohibido girar a la izquierda

to do a left turn — (Aut) doblar or girar a la izquierda

3) (Aut) (=turn-off) salida f

I think we missed our turn back there — creo que allí atrás nos hemos pasado de la salida

4) (Naut) viraje m

to make a turn to port — virar a babor

5) (Swimming) vuelta f

6) (=change of direction)

• at the turn of the century — a finales del siglo

• this was a surprising turn of events — esto suponía un giro inesperado de los acontecimientos

• at every turn — (fig) a cada paso

• to be on the turn, the tide is on the turn — la marea está cambiando

the milk is on the turn — la leche está a punto de cortarse

the economy may at last be on the turn — puede que por fin la economía de un giro importante or cambie de signo

• turn of the tide — (lit, fig) cambio m or vuelta f de la marea

• things took a new turn — las cosas tomaron otro cariz or aspecto

events took a tragic turn — los acontecimientos tomaron un cariz trágico

events are taking a sensational turn — los acontecimientos vienen tomando un rumbo sensacional

then things took a turn for the better — entonces las cosas empezaron a mejorar

the patient took a turn for the worse — el paciente empeoró

• at the turn of the year — a fin de año

7) (in series etc) turno m, vez f

whose turn is it? — ¿a quién le toca?

it's your turn — te toca a ti

it's her turn next — le toca a ella después, ella es la primera en turno

then it was my turn to protest — luego protesté a mi vez

your turn will come — ya te tocará

• turn and turn about — cada uno por turno, ahora esto y luego aquello

• by turns — por turnos, sucesivamente

I felt hot and cold by turns — tuve calor y luego frío en momentos sucesivos

• to give up one's turn — ceder la vez

• in turn — por turnos, sucesivamente

they spoke in turn — hablaron por turnos

and they, in turn, said... — y ellos a su vez dijeron...

• to miss one's turn — perder la vez or el turno

the player shall miss two turns — el jugador deberá perder dos jugadas

• to go out of turn — (in game) jugar fuera de orden

to speak out of turn — (fig) hablar fuera de lugar

• to take one's turn — llegarle (a algn) su turno

to take turns at doing sth — alternar or turnarse para hacer algo

to take it in turn(s) to do sth — turnarse para hacer algo

to take turns at the wheel — conducir por turnos

to take a turn at the wheel — turnarse para conducir

• to wait one's turn — esperar (algn) su turno

8) (=short walk) vuelta f

to take a turn in the park — dar una vuelta por el parque

9) (Med) (=fainting fit etc) vahído m, desmayo m; (=crisis) crisis f inv, ataque m

he had a bad turn last night — anoche tuvo un ataque

10) * (=fright) susto m

the news gave me quite a turn — la noticia me asustó or dejó de piedra

11) (esp Brit) (Theat) número m, turno m

he came on and did a funny turn — salió a escena y presentó un número cómico

12) (=deed)

• to do sb a bad turn — hacer una mala pasada a algn

• to do sb a good turn — hacerle un favor a algn

his good turn for the day — su buena acción del día

- one good turn deserves another

13) (Culin)

it's done to a turn — está en su punto

14) (=inclination)

an odd turn of mind — una manera retorcida or (LAm) chueca de pensar

to be of or have a scientific turn of mind — ser más dado a las ciencias

15) (=expression)

turn of phrase — forma f de hablar, giro m

that's a French turn of phrase — eso es un modismo francés

2. VT

1) (=rotate) [+ wheel, handle] girar, dar vueltas a; [+ screw] atornillar, destornillar

to turn the key in the lock — dar vuelta a la llave en la cerradura

the engine turns the wheel — el motor hace girar la rueda

• you can turn it through 90° — se puede girarlo hasta 90 grados

• turn it to the left — dale una vuelta hacia la izquierda

2) (also: turn over) [+ record, mattress, steak] dar la vuelta a, voltear (LAm); [+ page] pasar; [+ soil] revolver; [+ hay] volver al revés

the plough turns the soil — el arado revuelve la tierra

• to turn one's ankle — torcerse el tobillo

• to turn a dress inside out — volver un vestido del revés

• it turns my stomach — me revuelve el estómago

- turn the page

3) (=direct) dirigir, volver

• they turned him against us — le pusieron en contra nuestra

we managed to turn his argument against him — pudimos volver su argumento contra él mismo

• to turn one's attention to sth — concentrar su atención en algo

• to turn one's back on sb/sth — (also fig) volver or dar la espalda a algn/algo

as soon as his back is turned — en cuanto mira para otro lado

• to turn one's eyes in sb's direction — volver la mirada hacia donde está algn

• to turn a gun on sb — apuntar una pistola a algn

• to turn one's head — volver la cabeza

• the fireman turned the hose on the building — el bombero dirigió la manguera hacia el edificio

• to turn the lights (down) low — poner la luz más baja

• to turn one's steps homeward — dirigirse a casa, volver los pasos hacia casa

• to turn one's thoughts to sth — concentrarse en algo

- turn the other cheek

- without turning a hair

to turn one's hand to sth —

he turned his hand to cookery — se dedicó a la cocina

- turn sb's head: earning all that money has turned his/her head

already in her first film she turned a few heads — ya en su primera película la gente se fijó en ella

- turn the tables

4) (=pass) doblar, dar la vuelta a

the car turned the corner — el coche dobló la esquina

he's turned 50 — ha pasado los 50 años

it's turned four o'clock — son las cuatro y pico or (esp LAm) las cuatro pasadas

- have turned the corner

5) (=change)

the heat turned the walls black — el calor volvió negras las paredes, el calor ennegreció las paredes

the shock turned her hair white — del susto, el pelo se le puso blanco

his goal turned the game — (Brit) su gol le dio un vuelco al partido

an actor turned writer — un actor metido a escritor

• to turn sth into sth — convertir algo en algo

they turned the land into a park — convirtieron el terreno en un parque

to turn iron into gold — convertir el hierro en oro

to turn a play into a film — pasar una obra al cine

to turn verse into prose — verter verso en prosa

to turn English into Spanish — traducir el inglés al español

it turned him into a bitter man — le volvió un resentido

• she turned her dreams to reality — hizo sus sueños realidad, realizó sus sueños

6) (=deflect) [+ blow] desviar

nothing will turn him from his purpose — nada le hará cambiar su intención

7) (=shape) [+ wood, metal] tornear

to turn wood on a lathe — labrar la madera en un torno
well-turned
8) (Culin)

the heat has turned the milk — el calor ha cortado la leche

9)

to turn a profit — (esp US) sacar un beneficio, tener ganancias

3. VI

1) (=rotate) [wheel etc] girar, dar vueltas

• the object turned on a stand — el objeto giraba en un pedestal

the earth turns on its axis — la Tierra gira sobre su propio eje

• his stomach turned at the sight — al verlo se le revolvió el estómago, se le revolvieron las tripas al verlo *

- my head is turning

to turn in one's grave —

she would turn in her grave if she knew — le daría un síncope si supiera
toss 3., 1)
2) (=change direction) [person] dar la vuelta, voltearse (LAm); [tide] repuntar

to turn and go back — volverse or dar la vuelta y regresar

right turn! — (Mil) derecha... ¡ar!

the game turned after half-time — (Brit) el partido dio un vuelco tras el descanso

• to turn against sb — volverse contra algn

to turn against sth — coger aversión a algo

• to turn for home — volver hacia casa

• farmers are turning from cows to pigs — los granjeros cambian de vacas a cerdos

• then our luck turned — luego mejoramos de suerte

• to turn to sb/sth, he turned to me and smiled — se volvió hacia mí y sonrió

to turn to sb for help — acudir a algn en busca de ayuda

she has no-one to turn to — no tiene a quién recurrir

our thoughts turn to those who... — pensamos ahora en los que...

please turn to page 34 — vamos a la página 34

he turned to politics — se dedicó a la política

he turned to drink — se dio a la bebida, le dio por el alcohol

the conversation turned to religion — la conversación viró hacia la religión

• I don't know which way to turn — (fig) no sé qué hacer

• I don't know where to turn for money — no sé en qué parte ir a buscar dinero

• the wind has turned — el viento ha cambiado de dirección

- the tide is turning

3) (Aut) torcer, girar; (Aer, Naut) virar

to turn left — (Aut) torcer or girar or doblar a la izquierda

• the car turned into a lane — el coche se metió en una bocacalle

• to turn to port — (Naut) virar a babor

4) (=change)

• to turn into sth — convertirse or transformarse en algo

the whole thing has turned into a nightmare — todo el asunto se ha convertido en una pesadilla

he turned into a cynic — se volvió cínico

the princess turned into a toad — la princesa se transformó en sapo, la princesa quedó transformada en sapo

• the leaves were turning — se estaban descolorando or dorando las hojas

• the milk has turned — la leche se ha cortado

• it turned to stone — se convirtió en piedra

his admiration turned to scorn — su admiración se tornó or se transformó en desprecio

• to wait for the weather to turn — esperar a que cambie el tiempo

5) (=become)

then he began to turn awkward — luego empezó a ponerse difícil

he turned Catholic — se hizo católico

• the weather or it has turned cold — el tiempo se ha puesto frío, se ha echado el frío

• to turn nasty — [person] ponerse or volverse antipático

• to turn professional — hacerse profesional

• to turn red — ponerse rojo

• matters are turning serious — las cosas se ponen graves

6) (=depend)

• everything turns on his decision — todo depende de su decisión

everything turns on whether... — todo depende de si...

4.

CPD

turn signal N — (US) (Aut) indicador m (de dirección)

- turn about

- turn aside

- turn away

- turn back

- turn down

- turn in

- turn off

- turn on

- turn out

- turn over

- turn round

- turn to

- turn up

* * *
[tɜːrn, tɜːn]
I

noun

1)

a) ( rotation) vuelta f

give it another turn — dale otra vuelta

a half turn — media vuelta

to a turn: the meat was done to a turn — la carne estaba hecha a la perfección, la carne estaba en su punto justo

b) ( change of direction) vuelta f, giro m

no left turn — prohibido girar or doblar or torcer a la izquierda

c) ( bend) curva f; ( turning)

take the next left/right turn — tome or (esp Esp) coja or (esp AmL) agarre la próxima a la izquierda/derecha

at every turn — a cada paso, a cada momento

d) (change, alteration)

a turn in the weather — un cambio en el tiempo

this dramatic turn of events — este dramático giro de los acontecimientos

events took an unexpected turn — los acontecimientos dieron un giro inesperado

to take a turn for the better — empezar* a mejorar

to take a turn for the worse — empeorar, ponerse* peor

the turn of the century — el final del siglo ( y el principio del siguiente)

to be on the turn — \<\<events/tide\>\> estar* cambiando; \<\<leaves\>\> estar* cambiando de color; \<\<milk/food\>\> (BrE) estar* echándose a perder

2)

a) ( place in sequence)

whose turn is it? — ¿a quién le toca?

I think it's my turn — creo que me toca (el turno) a mí

you'll have to wait your turn — vas a tener que esperar que te toque (el turno)

to take turns o to take it in turn(s) — turnarse

we'll take turns o we'll take it in turn(s) to do the cooking — nos vamos a turnar para cocinar, vamos a cocinar por turnos

b) (in phrases)

by turns — sucesivamente

in turn: each in turn was asked the same question a cada uno de ellos se le hizo la misma pregunta; out of turn: she realized she'd spoken out of turn — se dio cuenta de que su comentario (or interrupción etc) había estado fuera de lugar

3) ( service)

to do somebody a good turn — hacerle* un favor a alguien

one good turn deserves another — favor con favor se paga

4) (form, style)

she has a logical/practical turn of mind — es muy lógica/práctica

she has a witty turn of phrase — tiene una manera ingeniosa de expresarse

5)

a) (bout of illness, disability)

he had a funny turn — le dio un ataque (or un mareo etc)

b) ( nervous shock) susto m

you gave me quite a turn — me diste un buen susto

6) ( act) (esp BrE) número m

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( rotate) \<\<knob/handle/wheel\>\> (hacer*) girar

he turned the key in the lock — hizo girar la llave en la cerradura

b) (set, regulate)

to turn something to something: turn the knob to `hot' ponga el indicador en `caliente'; he turned the oven to a lower temperature — bajó la temperatura del horno

2)

a) (change position, direction of) \<\<head\>\> volver*, voltear (AmL exc RPl)

turn your head a little to the side — gira la cabeza un poco hacia un lado

she turned her back on them — les volvió or les dio la espalda, les volteó la espalda (AmL exc RPl)

he slipped out while my back was turned — salió disimuladamente mientras yo estaba de espaldas

the nurse turned her onto her side — la enfermera la puso de lado

can you turn the TV this way a bit? — ¿puedes poner el televisor más para este lado?

b) (direct, apply)

to turn something to something: I turned my mind to more pleasant thoughts me puse a pensar en cosas más agradables; the administration has turned its efforts to... la administración ha dirigido sus esfuerzos a...; they turned the situation to their own profit — utilizaron la situación para su propio provecho; advantage b)

3)

a) ( reverse) \<\<mattress/omelette\>\> darle* la vuelta a, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<page\>\> pasar, volver*, dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<soil\>\> remover*, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS)

he turned the card face down — puso or volvió la carta boca abajo

she sat turning the pages of a magazine — estaba sentada hojeando una revista

b) ( upset)

it turns my stomach — me revuelve el estómago

4)

a) ( go around) \<\<corner\>\> dar* la vuelta a, dar* vuelta (CS)

b) ( pass)

she's just turned 30 — acaba de cumplir (los) 30

5) ( send)

I couldn't simply turn him from my door — no le podía negar ayuda, no le podía volver la espalda; loose I 2)

6)

a) (change, transform) volver*

to turn something to/into something — transformar or convertir* algo en algo

they've turned the place into a pigsty! — han puesto la casa (or la habitación etc) como una pocilga!

she turned him into a frog — lo convirtió en un sapo

the experience turned him into a cynic — se volvió cínico con la experiencia

b) ( make sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriar

c) ( confuse) \<\<mind\>\> trastornar

7)

a) ( shape - on lathe) tornear; (- on potter's wheel) hacer*

b) ( formulate)

a well-turned phrase — una frase elegante or pulida

8) ( make) \<\<profit\>\> sacar*

2.

vi

1) ( rotate) \<\<handle/wheel\>\> girar, dar* vuelta(s)

the key turned easily in the lock — la llave giró fácilmente en la cerradura

it made my stomach turn — me revolvió el estómago

the earth turns on its axis every 24 hours — la Tierra gira sobre su eje cada 24 horas

the outcome of the election turns on one crucial factor — el resultado de las elecciones depende de un factor decisivo

my head was turning — todo me daba vueltas

2)

a) ( to face in different direction) \<\<person\>\> volverse*, darse* la vuelta, voltearse (AmL exc CS), darse* vuelta (CS); \<\<car\>\> dar* la vuelta, dar* vuelta (CS)

she turned to me with a smile — me miró sonriéndome, se volvió hacia mí con una sonrisa

he turned onto his side — se volvió or se puso de lado

left/right turn! — (BrE Mil) media vuelta a la izquierda/derecha!

b) (change course, direction)

the army then turned north — entonces el ejército cambió de rumbo, dirigiéndose al norte

to turn into a side street — meterse en una calle lateral

to turn left/right — girar or doblar or torcer* a la izquierda/derecha

c) ( curve) \<\<road/river\>\> torcer*

3)

a) ( focus on)

to turn to another subject — pasar a otro tema, cambiar de tema

his mind turned to thoughts of escape — se puso a pensar en escaparse

b) (resort, have recourse to)

to turn to violence/a friend — recurrir a la violencia/un amigo

she had no one to turn to — no tenía a quien recurrir

to turn to drink — darse* a la bebida

to turn to somebody/something for something: she turned to her parents for support recurrió or acudió a sus padres en busca de apoyo; he turned to nature for inspiration — buscó inspiración en la naturaleza

4)

a) ( become)

his face turned red — se le puso la cara colorada

things were turning nasty — las cosas se estaban poniendo feas

her hair had turned gray — había encanecido

he turned professional — se hizo profesional

Ed Wright, naturalist turned politician — Ed Wright, naturalista convertido en or vuelto político

b) ( be transformed)

to turn into something — convertirse* en algo

water turns into steam — el agua se convierte or se transforma en vapor

to turn to something — (liter) convertirse* en algo

everything he touched turned to gold — todo lo que tocaba se convertía en oro

c) ( change) \<\<luck/weather/tide\>\> cambiar

d) ( change color) \<\<leaves\>\> cambiar de color

e) ( go sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriarse

5) ( when reading)

turn to page 19 — abran el libro en la página 19, vayan a la página 19

turn back a couple of pages — vuelvan atrás un par de páginas

6) (AmE Busn) \<\<merchandise\>\> venderse

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- turn against

- turn around

- turn aside

- turn away

- turn back

- turn down

- turn in

- turn off

- turn on

- turn out

- turn over

- turn round

- turn up

- turn upon

English-spanish dictionary > turn
11 punto

m.

1 spot, dot (marca).

recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line

2 full stop (British), period (United States).

dos puntos (sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico) colon

poner los puntos sobre las íes (figurative) to dot the i's and cross the t's

y punto (informal) and that's that

punto y aparte full stop o (British) period, new paragraph (United States)

punto y coma semicolon

punto final full stop (British), period (United States)

poner punto final a algo (figurative) to bring something to a close

punto y seguido full stop (British), period (United States)

puntos suspensivos (no new paragraph) dots, suspension points

3 point.

ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points

4 point (asunto).

punto débil/fuerte weak/strong point

puntos a tratar matters to be discussed

punto de vista point of view, viewpoint

5 spot, place (place).

este es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened

punto de apoyo fulcrum; (en palanca) backup, support (figurative)

punto cardinal point of the compass, cardinal point (specialist term)

punto de contacto point of contact

punto de encuentro meeting point

punto negro blackhead; (grano) accident blackspot (en carretera)

punto de venta (commerce) point of sale; retail outlet (tienda)

6 point, moment (momento).

llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…

estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are

punto culminante high point

punto de ebullición/fusión boiling/melting point

punto de inflexión turning point

punto de partida starting point

7 stitch (puntada).

punto de cruz cross-stitch

8 knitting.

hacer punto to knit

un jersey de punto a knitted jumper

punto de ganchillo crochet

9 period, full stop.

10 guy.

11 pixel.

12 punctus, punctum.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: puntar.

* * *

punto

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) point

2 (marca) dot

3 (tanto) point

■ nos llevan cinco puntos de ventaja they're five points ahead of us

4 (detrás de abreviatura) dot; (al final de la oración) full stop, US period

5 (lugar) spot

■ ¿en qué punto de la carretera se encuentran? exactly where on the road are they?

6 (tema) point

7 (tejido) knitwear

■ me he comprado una falda de punto I bought a knitted skirt

8 (en costura, sutura) stitch

■ me caí y me dieron tres puntos en la barbilla I fell and needed three stitches on my chin

9 (de libro) bookmark

10 (en la media) ladder, US run

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a punto de caramelo (en repostería) caramelized 2 (en su punto) just right, perfect

■ pídele el aumento ahora que está a punto de caramelo ask him for a rise now that he's in the mood

a punto de nieve stiff

■ tienes que batir las claras a punto de nieve you have to beat the egg whites stiff

al punto (rápidamente) immediately

coger un punto familiar to get tipsy, get merry

con puntos y comas in detail

dar en el punto to hit the nail on the head

de todo punto absolutely

en punto sharp, on the dot

■ son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock

estar a punto to be ready

estar a punto de to be about to, be on the point of

■ ese jarrón está a punto de caerse that vase is about to fall

■ estuvimos a punto de matarnos we nearly got killed

estar en su punto (comida) to be cooked to perfection

■ la pasta está en su punto the pasta is just right

■ este pastel te ha quedado en su punto this cake has turned out perfect

ganar puntos to win points

ganar por puntos to win on points

hacer punto to knit

hasta cierto punto up to a certain point

hasta tal punto que... to such an extent that...

llegar a punto to arrive on time

perder puntos (gen) to lose points 2 (alumno) to lose marks

■ perdió puntos porque su letra era mala he lost marks because of his bad handwriting

poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot one's i's and cross one's t's

poner punto final a algo to put an end to something

¡punto en boca! mum's the word!

punto por punto in detail

dos puntos colon

punto cadena chain stitch

punto cardinal cardinal point

punto culminante climax

punto de apoyo (en palanca) fulcrum 2 (base) cornerstone

punto de arranque beginning

punto de break break point

punto de congelación freezing point

punto de contacto point of contact

punto de cruz cross-stitch

punto de ebullición boiling point

punto de encuentro meeting point

punto de fusión melting point

punto de libro bookmark

punto de media stocking stitch

punto de mira (objetivo) target 2 (en rifle) sight, front sight 3 (punto de vista) viewpoint

punto de partida starting point

punto de partido match point

punto de referencia point of reference

punto de ruptura break point

punto de servicio service point

punto de set set point

punto de sutura stitch

punto de venta sales outlet

punto de vista point of view

punto débil weak point

punto decimal decimal point

punto del revés purl stitch

punto final (en dictado) full stop, US period

punto flaco weak point

punto fuerte strong point

punto muerto (en un coche) neutral 2 (en una negociación) standstill, stalemate, deadlock

■ deja el coche en punto muerto leave the car in neutral

■ las negociaciones ha entrado en punto muerto the negotiations have reached a stalemate

punto negro (en la piel) blackhead 2 (en la carretera) black spot

punto neurálgico nerve centre

punto y aparte (en ortografía) full stop, new paragraph, US period, new paragraph

punto y coma semicolon

punto y seguido full stop, new sentence, US period, new sentence

* * *

noun m.

1) point

2) dot

3) period

4) stitch

•

- dos puntos
- punto final
- punto y coma
* * *

SM

1) (=topo) [en un diseño] dot, spot; [en plumaje] spot, speckle; [en carta, dominó] spot, pip

aparecen en la piel unos puntos rojos — red spots appear on the skin

línea de puntos — dotted line

punto de luz — light

punto negro — (=espinilla) blackhead

2) (=signo) [en la i] dot; [de puntuación] full stop, period (EEUU)

• dos puntos — colon

- con puntos y comas

les contó con puntos y comas lo que había pasado — she told them what had happened down to the last detail

- poner los puntos sobre las íes

le puso los puntos sobre las íes — she corrected him, she drew attention to his inaccuracies

- sin faltar punto ni coma

y punto —

¡lo digo yo y punto! — I'm telling you so and that's that!

punto acápite — LAm [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)

punto final — full stop, period (EEUU); (fig) end

poner punto final a la discusión — to put an end to the argument, draw a line under the argument

puntos suspensivos — [gen] suspension points; [en dictado] dot, dot, dot

punto y aparte — [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)

esto marca un punto y aparte en la historia del teatro — this marks a break with tradition o the past in the theatre

este es un vino punto y aparte — this is an uncommonly good o exceptional wine

punto y coma — semicolon

punto y seguido — [en dictado] full stop (no new paragraph), period (no new paragraph) (EEUU)

3) (Dep) point

con ocho puntos a favor y tres en contra — with eight points for and three against

los dos están empatados a puntos — the two of them are level on points

ganar o vencer por puntos — to win on points

perdieron por tres puntos — they lost by three points

completó la ronda con cero puntos — she had a clear round

- perder muchos puntos

¡qué punto te has marcado con lo que has dicho! — * what you said was spot-on *

4) (=tema) [gen] point; [en programa de actividades] item

no quiero extenderme sobre ese punto — I don't wish to elaborate on that point

los puntos en el orden del día son... — the items on the agenda are...

contestar punto por punto — to answer point by point

punto capital — crucial point

puntos a tratar — matters to be discussed

puntos de consulta — terms of reference

5) (=labor) knitting; (=tejido) knitted fabric, knit

prendas de punto — knitwear sing

falda de punto — knitted skirt

chaqueta de punto — cardigan

• hacer punto — to knit

punto del derecho — plain knitting

punto del revés — purl

punto de media — plain knitting

6) (Cos, Med) (=puntada) stitch; [de media] loose stitch

me tuvieron que dar cinco puntos — I had to have five stitches

me van a quitar los puntos — I am having my stitches out

- ¡punto en boca!

punto de costado — (=dolor) stitch

tengo un punto de costado — I've got a stitch, I've got a pain in my side

punto de cruz — cross stitch

punto de sutura — stitch

7) (=lugar) [gen] spot, place; (Geog, Mat) point; [de proceso] point, stage; [en el tiempo] point, moment

al llegar a este punto — at this point o stage

punto cardinal — cardinal point

los cuatro puntos cardinales — the four points of the compass

punto ciego — (Anat) blind spot

punto clave — key point

el punto clave de su razonamiento — the key point of her argument

punto crítico — critical point

punto culminante — high point

llegar a su punto culminante — to reach its climax

punto de asistencia — (Aut) checkpoint

punto débil — weak point o spot

punto de calor — heat source

punto de congelación — freezing point

punto de contacto — point of contact

punto de control — checkpoint

punto de ebullición — boiling-point

punto de encuentro — meeting point

punto de equilibrio — (Com) break-even point

punto de fuga — vanishing point

punto de fusión — melting-point

punto de inflamación — flashpoint

punto de información — information centre

punto de mira — [de rifle] sight; (=objetivo) aim, objective; (=punto de vista) point of view

estar en el punto de mira de algn —

su comportamiento está en el punto de mira de la prensa — his behaviour has come under scrutiny in the press

el fraude fiscal está en el punto de mira de Hacienda — the Treasury has targeted tax evasion

Tokio está en el punto de mira de sus misiles — their missiles are pointing towards Tokyo

punto de inflexión — turning point

punto de no retorno — point of no return

punto de partida — starting point

punto de penalti — penalty spot

punto de referencia — point of reference

punto de taxis — taxi stand, cab rank

punto de venta — point of sale

terminales punto de venta — point of sale terminals

está presente en 3.000 puntos de venta — it's available at 3,000 outlets

punto de vista — point of view, viewpoint

él lo mira desde otro punto de vista — he sees it differently, he looks at it from another point of view

punto flaco — weak point, weak spot

punto muerto — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear); (=estancamiento) deadlock, stalemate

las negociaciones están en un punto muerto — the negotiations are deadlocked, the talks have reached a stalemate

punto negro — (Aut) (accident) black spot; (fig) blemish

punto neurálgico — (Anat) nerve centre o (EEUU) center; (fig) key point

punto neutro — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear)

8) [otras locuciones]

• a punto — ready

está a punto — it's ready

con sus cámaras a punto para disparar — with their cameras at the ready

llegar a punto — to come just at the right moment

poner un motor a punto — to tune an engine

• al punto — at once, immediately

estar al punto — LAm * to be high **

• bajar de punto — to decline, fall off, fall away

• a punto de, a punto de caramelo — caramelized

poner el azúcar a punto de caramelo — to caramelize the sugar

batir las claras a punto de nieve — beat the egg whites until stiff o until they form stiff peaks

estar a punto de hacer algo — to be on the point of doing sth, be about to do sth

estábamos a punto de salir cuando llamaste — we were about to go out when you phoned

estuve a punto de llamarte — I almost called you

estaba a punto de llorar — he was on the verge of tears

estuve a punto de perder el tren — I very nearly missed the train

• en punto, a las siete en punto — at seven o'clock sharp o on the dot

llegó en punto — he arrived right on time

• en su punto — [carne] done to a turn; [fruta] just ripe

el arroz está en su punto — the rice is just right

pongamos las cosas en su punto — let's be absolutely clear about this

• hasta cierto punto — up to a point, to some extent

hasta tal punto que... — to such an extent that...

la tensión había llegado hasta tal punto que... — the tension had reached such a pitch that...

• subir de punto — (=aumentar) to grow, increase; (=empeorar) to get worse

- coger o ligar o pillar un buen punto

- cogerle o pillarle el punto a algn

darle el punto a algn ** —

si me da el punto, voy — if I feel like it, I'll go

si le da el punto es capaz de cualquier cosa — if he gets it into his head he can do anything

- saber algo a punto fijo

- de todo punto

9) Esp * (=hombre) guy *; pey rogue

¡vaya un punto!, ¡está hecho un punto filipino! — he's a right rogue! *

10) (=agujero) hole

darse dos puntos en el cinturón — to let one's belt out a couple of holes

11) (Inform) pixel

punto de parada — break-point

punto de referencia — benchmark

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (señal, trazo) dot

un punto en el horizonte — a dot o speck on the horizon

b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)

a punto fijo — exactly, for certain

... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I

- punto decimal

- punto final

- puntos suspensivos

- punto y aparte

- punto y coma

- punto y seguido

2)

a) (momento, lugar) point

en ese punto de la conversación — at that point in the conversation

busca un local en un punto céntrico — he's looking for premises somewhere central

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente — the spot o place where the accident happened

b) ( en geometría) point

- punto álgido

- punto cardinal

- punto culminante

- punto de apoyo

- punto débil

- punto de caramelo

- punto de congelación/ebullición/fusión

- punto de mira

- punto de nieve

- punto de partida

- punto de penalty or penalti

- punto de referencia

- punto de venta

- punto de vista

- punto fijo

- punto flaco/fuerte

- punto muerto

- punto neurálgico

3) ( grado) point, extent

hasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point

hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...

4) (asunto, aspecto) point

los puntos a tratar en la reunión — the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting

analizar algo punto por punto — to analyze something point by point

5) (en locs)

a punto — ( a tiempo) just in time

a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally

6)

a) (en costura, labores) stitch

se me ha escapado un punto — I've dropped a stitch

artículos de punto — knitwear

hacer punto — (Esp) to knit

punto en boca — (fam)

tú punto en boca — keep your mouth shut

b) ( en cirugía) tb

punto de sutura — stitch

- punto cruz

- punto del derecho

- punto del revés

- punto elástico

7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) point

vencer por puntos — to win on points

tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody

- punto para partido/set

8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiot

agarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)

lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride

la profesora me ha agarrado de punto — the teacher has it in for me (colloq)

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (señal, trazo) dot

un punto en el horizonte — a dot o speck on the horizon

b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)

a punto fijo — exactly, for certain

... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I

- punto decimal

- punto final

- puntos suspensivos

- punto y aparte

- punto y coma

- punto y seguido

2)

a) (momento, lugar) point

en ese punto de la conversación — at that point in the conversation

busca un local en un punto céntrico — he's looking for premises somewhere central

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente — the spot o place where the accident happened

b) ( en geometría) point

- punto álgido

- punto cardinal

- punto culminante

- punto de apoyo

- punto débil

- punto de caramelo

- punto de congelación/ebullición/fusión

- punto de mira

- punto de nieve

- punto de partida

- punto de penalty or penalti

- punto de referencia

- punto de venta

- punto de vista

- punto fijo

- punto flaco/fuerte

- punto muerto

- punto neurálgico

3) ( grado) point, extent

hasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point

hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...

4) (asunto, aspecto) point

los puntos a tratar en la reunión — the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting

analizar algo punto por punto — to analyze something point by point

5) (en locs)

a punto — ( a tiempo) just in time

a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally

6)

a) (en costura, labores) stitch

se me ha escapado un punto — I've dropped a stitch

artículos de punto — knitwear

hacer punto — (Esp) to knit

punto en boca — (fam)

tú punto en boca — keep your mouth shut

b) ( en cirugía) tb

punto de sutura — stitch

- punto cruz

- punto del derecho

- punto del revés

- punto elástico

7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) point

vencer por puntos — to win on points

tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody

- punto para partido/set

8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiot

agarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)

lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride

la profesora me ha agarrado de punto — the teacher has it in for me (colloq)

* * *

punto¹

¹ = point, pointer.

Ex: Parts of the abstract are written in the informative style, whilst those points which are of less significance are treated indicatively.

Ex: Seven pointers follow which are useful for discriminating between documents to be abstracted and those not worth abstracting.

* aclarar un punto = clarify + point.

* adoptar un punto de vista = embrace + view.

* analizar desde un punto de vista crítico = cast + a critical eye over.

* argumento que presenta los dos puntos de vista = two-sided argument.

* argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.

* comprender un punto de vista = take + point.

* desde cualquier punto de vista = by any standard(s).

* desde el punto de vista de la nutrición = in terms of, from the vantage of, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, mitotically, nutritionally speaking, nutritionally.

* desde el punto de vista del trabajador = in the trenches.

* desde el punto de vista de la archivística = archivally.

* desde el punto de vista de la calidad = on quality grounds.

* desde el punto de vista de la competitividad = competitively.

* desde el punto de vista de la conservación = preservationally.

* desde el punto de vista de la funcionalidad = functionally.

* desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.

* desde el punto de vista de la logística = logistically.

* desde el punto de vista de la medicina = medically.

* desde el punto de vista de la música = musically.

* desde el punto de vista de la notación = notationally.

* desde el punto de vista de la química = chemically.

* desde el punto de vista de la realidad = factually.

* desde el punto de vista de las matemáticas = mathematically.

* desde el punto de vista de la tonalidad = tonally.

* desde el punto de vista del contexto = contextually.

* desde el punto de vista del estilo = stylistically.

* desde el punto de vista del funcionamiento = operationally.

* desde el punto de vista del + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.

* desde el punto de vista de los hechos = factually.

* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.

* desde el punto de vista de + Nombre = in + Nombre + eyes.

* desde el punto de vista judicial = judicially.

* desde el punto de vista lingüístico = linguistically.

* desde el punto de vista político = politically.

* desde el punto de vista profesional = career-wise [careerwise].

* desde este punto de vista = viewed in this light.

* desde mi punto de vista = in my opinion, in my view, in my books.

* desde + punto de vista = against + backdrop.

* desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.

* desde un punto de vista académico = academically.

* desde un punto de vista antropológico = anthropologically.

* desde un punto de vista clínico = medically, clinically.

* desde un punto de vista crítico = judgmentally [judgementally], with a critical eye, critically.

* desde un punto de vista cultural = culturally.

* desde un punto de vista económico = economically, monetarily.

* desde un punto de vista estético = aesthetically [esthetically, -USA].

* desde un punto de vista estrictamente técnico = technically speaking.

* desde un punto de vista étnico = ethnically.

* desde un punto de vista filosófico = philosophically.

* desde un punto de vista general = in a broad sense.

* desde un punto de vista histórico = historically.

* desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.

* desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.

* desde un punto de vista médico = medically.

* desde un punto de vista medioambiental = environmentally.

* desde un punto de vista morfológico = morphologically.

* desde un punto de vista operativo = operationally.

* desde un punto de vista racista = racially + Adjetivo.

* desde un punto de vista religioso = religiously.

* desde un punto de vista socioeconómico = socioeconomically.

* desde un punto de vista técnico = technically.

* fiel desde el punto de vista de la historia = historically accurate.

* manifestar un punto de vista = air + view.

* mencionar un punto = touch on + a point.

* mi punto de vista = in my view.

* neutral desde el punto de vista de la raza = race-neutral.

* no concebirse desde ningún punto de vista = be impossible under any hypothesis.

* probar un punto = prove + point.

* promover un punto de vista = promote + view.

* punto a favor = asset.

* punto conflictivo = hot spot.

* punto de la agenda = agenda item.

* punto del orden del día = agenda item.

* punto de una agenda = item of business.

* punto de vista = angle, point of view, side, stance, standpoint, view, viewpoint, outlook, eye, world view [worldview/world-view], bent of mind.

* punto principal = main point.

* puntos a favor y puntos en contra = pros and cons.

* puntos comunes = common ground.

* puntos principales = key issues.

* puntos secundarios = secondary points.

* que consta de tres puntos = three-point.

* sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.

* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = contemplate + view.

* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint.

* tocar un punto = touch on + a point.

* ver Algo desde el punto de vista + Adjetivo = view + Nombre + through + Adjetivo + eyes.

punto²

² = bullet point.

Ex: Readers like bullet points because they are visually appealing and make it easy to quickly find pertinent information.

* alcanzar el punto crítico = come to + a head.

* alcanzar el punto culminante = climax.

* alcanzar el punto más álgido = peak, come into + full bloom.

* alcanzar + Posesivo + punto álgido = reach + Posesivo + peak.

* a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.

* a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.

* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.

* a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.

* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.

* encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.

* en qué punto = at what point.

* en su punto = ripe [riper -comp., ripest -sup.].

* en su punto más álgido = at its height.

* en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en un punto bajo = at a low ebb.

* estar a punto de = be poised to, be about to, be on the point of, stand + poised, come + very close to.

* estar a punto de cascarlas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.

* estar a punto de decir = be on the tip of + Posesivo + tongue to say.

* estar a punto de + Infinitivo = be about + Infinitivo.

* fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.

* hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.

* hasta el punto de = to the point of, up to the point of.

* hasta el punto que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta qué punto = how far, the extent to which, to what extent.

* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.

* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.

* hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.

* las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.

* llegado este punto = at this juncture.

* llegado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.

* llegar al punto álgido = reach + a head.

* llegar al punto crítico = come to + a head.

* llegar al punto de = be at the point of.

* llegar al punto de + Infinitivo = go + (as/so) far as + Infinitivo.

* llegar a un punto crítico = reach + turning point.

* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.

* pasado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.

* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.

* primer punto de contacto = port of first call.

* primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.

* puesta a punto = fine tuning [fine-tuning], tuning, tune-up.

* punto álgido = peak.

* punto a punto = point-to-point.

* punto central = focal point.

* punto ciego = blind spot.

* punto clave = key point, watershed, tipping point.

* punto crítico = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.

* punto culminante = zenith, climax, peak, capstone.

* punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.

* punto de apoyo = foothold.

* punto débil = downside, weak point, weak link.

* punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.

* punto débl = blind spot.

* punto de contacto = point of contact, interface, contact point.

* punto de convergencia = junction point, similarity.

* punto de discusión = bone of contention.

* punto de distribución = outlet.

* punto de divergencia = stepping-off point.

* punto de división = break.

* punto de encuentro = meeting point.

* punto de entrada = entry point, entrance point, point of entry.

* punto de equilibrio = break-even, break-even point.

* punto de información = information kiosk.

* punto de interés = point of interest.

* punto de llegada = point of arrival.

* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.

* punto de partida = point of departure, starting point, take-off point, baseline [base line], beginning point.

* punto de penalti, el = penalty mark, the.

* punto de recepción y envío = shipping point.

* punto de recogida = pick-up point, drop-off point.

* punto de referencia = benchmark, frame of reference, signpost, signposting, point of reference, anchor, anchor point, referral point, switching point, reference point, reference point.

* punto de referencia común = common framework.

* punto de ruptura = breaking point.

* punto de separación = cut-off point, stepping-off point, cut off [cutoff].

* punto de servicio = service point.

* punto de una lista = bullet point.

* punto de venta = outlet, point of sale.

* punto esencial = essential point.

* punto final = end point [endpoint].

* punto flaco = foible, weak point, blind spot, weak link.

* punto flaco, el = chink in the armour, the.

* punto fuerte = strength, upside, forte, strong point.

* punto g, el = G-spot, the.

* punto intermedio = middle ground.

* punto medio = happy medium, mid-point.

* punto muerto = dead end, impasse, stalemate, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.

* punto negro = blackhead.

* punto positivo = asset.

* puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.

* punto silla = saddle point.

* ser el punto de partida de = form + the basis of.

* ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* servir de punto de partida = point + the way to.

* tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.

* volver al punto de partida = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

punto³

³ = dot, full stop (.), period, stop.

Ex: Braille is the term used to refer to material intended for the visually impaired and using embossed characters formed by raised dots in six-dot cells.

Ex: You have observed the correct use of the facet indicators. (full stop) for S and ' (single inverted comma) for T.

Ex: For instance, to delete the period where the cursor is located, press the < Del> key.

Ex: Such as categorisation may depend rather arbitrarily upon whether stops have been used between letters or not.

* arco de medio punto = round arch.

* arco de punto rebajado = segmental arch.

* dos puntos (:) = colon (:).

* dpi (puntos por pulgada) = dpi (dots per inch).

* en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.

* en + Posesivo + punto de mira = in + Posesivo + sights.

* línea de puntos = dotted line.

* matriz de puntos de impacto = impact dot matrix.

* nube de puntos = scatterplot, cloud of points.

* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.

* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.

* punto (.) = point (.).

* puntos por pulgada = dots per inch.

* punto y coma (;) = semi-colon (;).

* subrayar con puntos = underdot.

punto⁴

⁴ = point.

Ex: Taking 197 as the base year, the price index of journals for an academic veterinary library has risen 143.00 points, an annual average of 15.89 points through 1986.

* alcanzar el punto de ebullición = reach + boiling point.

* punto de ebullición = boiling point.

* punto de fundición = melting point.

* punto de fusión = melting point, fusion point.

* punto de saturación = saturation point.

* punto porcentual = percentage point.

* sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.

punto⁵

⁵ = stitch.

Ex: It may be seen that one or more pairs of leaves, joined to each other at the back, are held in place by a double stitch of thread running up the fold.

* aguja de hacer punto = knitting needle.

* géneros de punto = knitwear.

* hacer punto = knitting.

* patrón de hacer punto = knitting pattern.

* ¡punto en boca! = mum's the word!.

* ¡punto en boca! = not a word to anyone!, shut your mouth!, shut your face!.

* * *

punto

masculine

A

1 (señal, trazo) dot

desde el avión la ciudad se veía como un conjunto de puntos luminosos from the plane the city looked like a cluster of pinpoints of light o of bright dots

el barco no era más que un punto en el horizonte the boat was no more than a dot o speck on the horizon

2 ( Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; (signo de puntuación) period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE)

a punto fijo exactly, for certain

no le sabría decir a punto fijo cuándo llegan I couldn't tell you exactly o for certain when they will be arriving

… y punto: si te parece mal se lo dices y punto if you don't like it you just tell him, that's all there is to it

lo harás como yo digo y punto you'll do it the way I tell you and that's that, you'll do it the way I tell you, period ( AmE) o ( BrE) full stop

poner los puntos sobre las íes (dejar algo en claro) to make sth crystal clear; (terminar algo con mucho cuidado) to dot the i's and cross the t's

sin faltar un punto ni una coma down to the last detail

dos¹ (↑ dos (1))

Compuestos:

● punto decimal

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] decimal point

● punto final

period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE)

poner punto final a algo to end sth

decidió poner punto final a sus relaciones he decided to end their relationship

● puntos suspensivos

mpl ellipsis ( tech), suspension points (pl) ( AmE), dot, dot, dot

● punto y aparte

period, new paragraph ( AmE), full stop, new paragraph ( BrE)

● punto y coma

semicolon

● punto y seguido

period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE) ( no new paragraph)

B

1 (momento) point

en ese punto de la conversación at that point in the conversation

su popularidad alcanzó su punto más bajo his popularity reached its lowest ebb o point

2 (lugar) point; (en geometría) point

fijó la mirada en un punto lejano del horizonte she fixed her gaze on a distant point on the horizon

están buscando un local en un punto céntrico they are looking for premises somewhere central

en el punto en que la carretera se divide at the point where the road divides

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened

Compuestos:

● punto aéreo

( Esp) ( Aviac) air mile

● punto álgido

crucial moment o point

● punto cardinal

cardinal point

● punto ciego

blind spot

● punto crítico

critical point

● punto culminante

high point

● punto de apoyo

(para una palanca) fulcrum

no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder

constituía el punto de apoyo de su defensa it formed the cornerstone of his defense

● punto de arranque

punto de partida

● punto débil

weak point

● punto de caramelo

a punto de caramelo ‹almíbar› caramelized

(en su mejor momento) ( fam): este queso está a punto de caramelo this cheese is just right (for eating)

yo no lo encuentro viejo, para mí está a punto de caramelo I don't think he's old, if you ask me he's in his prime o he's just right

la situación está a punto de caramelo para otro golpe militar the situation is ripe for another military coup

● punto de congelación

freezing point

● punto de contacto

point of contact

el movimiento tiene muchos puntos de contacto con el surrealismo the movement has a lot in common with surrealism

● punto de control

checkpoint

● punto de ebullición

boiling point

● punto de fuga

vanishing point

● punto de fusión

melting point

● punto de inflexión

point of inflexion ( on a curve)

● punto de interrupción

( Inf) breakpoint

● punto de libro

( Esp) bookmark

● punto de mira

(de un rifle) front sight; (blanco) target; (objetivo) aim, objective; (punto de vista) point of view

● punto de nieve

batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks

● punto de no retorno

point of no return

● punto de partida

(sitio) starting point; (de un proceso, razonamiento) starting point

esta dramática escalada tiene un claro punto de partida en los sucesos del mes pasado this dramatic escalation clearly has its origins in the events of last month

● punto de penalty or penalti

penalty spot

● punto de referencia

reference point

● punto de reunión

meeting place, assembly point

● punto de turrón

( Méx) punto de nieve

● punto de venta

point of sale, outlet, sales outlet

● punto único de venta

unique selling point

● punto de vista

(perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view; (opinión) views (pl)

desde un punto de vista técnico from a technical viewpoint, from a technical point of view

todos conocen mi punto de vista sobre este asunto you all know my views on this matter

● punto fijo

( Chi) (lugar) permanent or semi-permanent guard post; (vigilante) guard

está en punto fijo toda la noche he is on guard duty all night

● punto flaco

weak point

● punto medio

habrá que esperar a que las cosas lleguen a su punto medio we'll have to wait until things sort themselves out

hay que buscar el punto medio entre las dos cosas you have to strike a balance between the two things

● punto muerto

( Auto) neutral; ( Fin) break even point; (en negociaciones) deadlock

las conversaciones han llegado a un punto muerto the talks have reached deadlock o stalemate

el proceso está en punto muerto the process is deadlocked

● punto negro

(en la carretera) black spot; (en la piel) blackhead

● punto neurálgico

( Anat) nerve center*; (de una organización, un sistema) nerve center*

un accidente en uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la ciudad an accident at one of the busiest spots o points in the city

uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la economía one of the key elements of the economy

C (grado) point, extent

hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point

hasta cierto punto me alegro de que se vaya to a certain extent o in a way I'm glad she's going

claro que fue atento y amable, hasta tal punto que llegó a resultarnos pesado of course he was attentive and kind, so much so that it got a bit much for us

D (asunto, aspecto) point

en ese punto no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you on that point

los puntos a tratar en la reunión de hoy the matters o items on the agenda for today's meeting

hay algunos puntos de coincidencia entre los dos enfoques the two approaches have some points in common

analizamos la propuesta punto por punto we analyzed the proposal point by point

E ( en locs):

a punto (a tiempo) just in time

( Coc) en su punto

has llegado a punto para ayudarme you've arrived just in time to help me

a punto DE + INF:

estábamos a punto de cenar cuando llamaste we were about to have dinner when you phoned

estuvo a punto de matarse en el accidente he was nearly killed in the accident, he came within an inch of being killed in the accident

estaba a punto de decírmelo cuando tú entraste she was on the point of telling me o she was about to tell me when you came in

se notaba que estaba a punto de llorar you could see she was on the verge of tears

en su punto just right

el arroz está en su punto the rice is just right

la carne estaba en su punto the meat was done to a turn

al punto ( Esp); right away, at once, straightaway ( BrE)

en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp

son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock

llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time, they arrived on the dot o dead on time ( colloq)

de todo punto absolutely, totally

eso es de todo punto inaceptable that is totally o completely unacceptable

se negaba de todo punto a hacerlo she absolutely o flatly refused to do it

F

1 (en costura) stitch

punto en boca ( fam): y ya saben, diga lo que diga él, nosotros punto en boca and remember, whatever he says, we keep our mouths shut

2 (en cirugía) tb

punto de sutura stitch

le tuvieron que poner puntos she had to have stitches

3 (en labores) stitch

se me ha escapado un punto I've dropped a stitch

artículos de punto knitwear

hacer punto ( Esp); to knit

Compuestos:

● punto atrás

backstitch

● punto cadena

chain stitch

● punto cruzado

herringbone stitch

● punto (de) cruz

cross-stitch

● punto de escapulario

herringbone stitch

● punto del derecho

plain stitch

● punto del revés

purl stitch

● punto de media

stocking stitch

● punto elástico

rib, ribbing

● punto jersey

stocking stitch

● punto Santa Clara

garter stitch

● punto sombra

shadow stitch

G

1 (unidad) ( Dep, Jueg) point; ( Educ) point, mark

venció por puntos he won on points

tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

pierdes dos puntos por cada falta de ortografía you lose two marks o points for every spelling mistake

anotarse/marcarse un punto ( fam): la paella está exquisita, te has anotado un punto ten out of ten o ( BrE) full marks for the paella, it's delicious

matarle el punto a algn (CS fam); to go one better than sb

subir de punto «ira/admiración» to grow;

«discusión» to heat up, grow heated

2 ( Fin) point

Compuestos:

● punto de or para partido

match point

● punto de ruptura

break point

● punto de or para set

set point

● punto porcentual

percentage point

H

(poco, pizca): es orgulloso, con un punto de bravuconería he's proud, with just a touch o hint of boastfulness about him

I

1 (Per, RPl arg) (tonto) idiot

agarrar or tomar a algn de punto (Per, RPl arg): lo han agarrado de punto (burlándose de él) they've made him the butt of their jokes; (aprovechándose de él) they've taken him for a ride ( colloq)

la profesora me ha agarrado de punto the teacher has it in for me ( colloq)

2 ( RPl arg) (tipo) guy ( colloq)

* * *

punto sustantivo masculino
1
a) (señal, marca) dot

b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot;

( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
◊ punto decimal decimal point ;

punto final period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
puntos suspensivos ellipsis (tech), suspension points (pl) (AmE), dot, dot, dot;
punto y aparte period (AmE) o (BrE) full stop, new paragraph;
punto y coma semicolon;
punto com (Com, Inf) dot.com;
a punto fijo exactly, for certain;
… y punto … and that's that, … period (AmE);
See Also→ dos
2
a) (momento, lugar) point;

◊ en ese punto de la conversación at that point in the conversation;

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened;
punto cardinal cardinal point ;
punto ciego blind spot;
punto de apoyo ( de palanca) fulcrum;
no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder;
punto de vista ( perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view;

( opinión) views;
◊ punto flaco/fuerte weak/strong point;

punto muerto (Auto) neutral;

( en negociaciones) deadlock
b) ( en geometría) point

3 ( grado) point, extent;
◊ hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point;

hasta tal punto que … so much so that …
4 (asunto, aspecto) point;
◊ analizar algo punto por punto to analyze sth point by point;

los puntos a tratar en la reunión the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting
5 ( en locs)
◊ a punto ( a tiempo) just in time;

estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner;
estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over;
batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks;
en su punto just right;
en punto: a las 12 en punto at 12 o'clock sharp;
son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock;
llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time
6
a) (en costura, labores) stitch;

◊ artículos de punto knitwear;

hacer punto (Esp) to knit;
punto (de) cruz cross-stitch
b) ( en cirugía) tb

◊ punto de sutura stitch

7 ( unidad)
a) Dep, Jueg) point;

◊ punto para partido/set (Méx) match/set point

b) (Educ) point, mark;

(Fin) point
punto sustantivo masculino
1 point
punto de vista, point of view
punto flaco, weak point
punto muerto, (situación sin salida) deadlock, Auto neutral
2 (lugar) place, point: está perdido en algún punto de Marruecos, it's way out somewhere in Morocco
3 (pintado, dibujado) dot
línea de puntos, dotted line
4 (en una competición) point: le dieron tres puntos a Irlanda, Ireland scored three points
5 (en un examen) mark: la pregunta vale dos puntos, the question is worth two marks
6 Cost Med stitch: se le infectó un punto, one of the stitches became infected
7 (grado, medida) point: hasta cierto punto, to a certain extent
8 Ling full stop
dos puntos, colon
punto y aparte, full stop, new paragraph
punto y coma, semicolon
puntos suspensivos, dots
♦ Locuciones: hacer punto, to knit
a punto, ready
a punto de, on the point of
en punto, sharp, on the dot: a las seis en punto, at six o'clock sharp
Culin en su punto, just right
' punto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
álgida
- álgido
- aparte
- borde
- cadeneta
- caer
- caramelo
- cardinal
- cerca
- cierta
- cierto
- coincidir
- coma
- concretar
- culminante
- cúspide
- débil
- desde
- distanciarse
- ebullición
- Ecuador
- este
- extrema
- extremo
- flaca
- flaco
- fuerte
- luminosa
- luminoso
- mareada
- mareado
- media
- medio
- muerta
- muerto
- nivel
- novedosa
- novedoso
- para
- puesta
- referencia
- regresar
- relativamente
- respetable
- sazón
- sesgar
- talón
- tanta
- tanto
- tomate
English:
about
- angle
- aspect
- bankrupt
- benchmark
- blackhead
- boiling point
- cardigan
- certain
- chink
- circle
- climax
- close
- cluster
- coast
- conclude
- contention
- cottage industry
- crop up
- cross-stitch
- crossroads
- crunch
- culmination
- cut-off
- deadlock
- degree
- dot
- essential
- extent
- eye
- failing
- feature
- focal point
- follow through
- foothold
- forthcoming
- freezing point
- full stop
- head
- height
- high
- impasse
- interface
- item
- just
- knit
- knitting
- knitting needle
- knitwear
- labour

* * *

punto

♦ nm

1. [marca] dot, spot;
[en geometría] point;
recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line

Comp
punto de fuga vanishing point
2. [signo ortográfico] [al final de frase] Br full stop, US period;
[sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico] dot;
dos puntos colon;
Fam
no vas a ir, y punto you're not going, and that's that;

Comp

poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot the i's and cross the t's

Comp
Bol, Perú punto acápite semicolon;
punto y aparte Br full stop o US period, new paragraph;

punto y coma semicolon;

punto final Br full stop, US period;

Comp

poner punto final a algo to bring sth to an end;

punto y seguido Br full stop, US period [no new paragraph];

puntos suspensivos suspension points

3. [unidad] [en juegos, competiciones, exámenes, bolsa] point;

ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points;

ganar por puntos [en boxeo] to win on points;

el índice Dow Jones ha subido seis puntos the Dow Jones index is up six points;

los tipos de interés bajarán un punto interest rates will go down by one (percentage) point

Comp
punto de break break point;
punto de juego game point;

punto de partido match point;

punto porcentual percentage point;

punto de set set point

4. [asunto, parte] point;

pasemos al siguiente punto let's move on to the next point;

te lo explicaré punto por punto I'll explain it to you point by point;

tenemos los siguientes puntos a tratar we have the following items on the agenda

Comp
punto débil weak point;
punto fuerte strong point

5. [lugar] spot, place;

éste es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened;

hay retenciones en varios puntos de la provincia there are delays at several different points across the province

Comp
punto de apoyo [en palanca] fulcrum; Ling punto de articulación point of articulation;
los puntos cardinales the points of the compass, Espec the cardinal points;

punto ciego [en el ojo] blind spot;

punto de encuentro meeting point;
Dep punto fatídico penalty spot;
punto G g-spot;

punto de inflexión tipping point;

punto de mira [en armas] sight;

Comp

está en mi punto de mira [es mi objetivo] I have it in my sights;

punto negro [en la piel] blackhead;
[en carretera] accident Br blackspot o US hot spot;
punto neurálgico [de ser vivo, organismo] nerve centre;

la plaza mayor es el punto neurálgico de la ciudad the main square is the town's busiest crossroads;

éste es el punto neurálgico de la negociación this is the central issue at stake in the negotiations;

punto de partida starting point;

punto de penalti o penalty penalty spot;

punto de referencia point of reference;

punto de reunión meeting point;
Com punto de venta:
en el punto de venta at the point of sale;

tenemos puntos de venta en todo el país we have (sales) outlets across the country;

punto de venta autorizado authorized dealer;

punto de venta electrónico electronic point of sale;

punto de vista point of view, viewpoint;

bajo mi punto de vista… in my view…;

desde el punto de vista del dinero… in terms of money…

6. [momento] point, moment;

lo dejamos en este punto del debate y seguimos tras la publicidad we'll have to leave the discussion here for the moment, we'll be back after the break;

al punto at once, there and then;

en punto exactly, on the dot;

a las seis en punto at six o'clock on the dot, at six o'clock sharp;

son las seis en punto it's (exactly) six o'clock;

estar a punto to be ready;

estuve a punto de cancelar el viaje I was on the point of cancelling the trip;

estamos a punto de firmar un importante contrato we are on the verge o point of signing an important contract;

estaba a punto de salir cuando… I was about to leave when…;

estuvo a punto de morir ahogada she almost drowned;

llegar a punto (para hacer algo) to arrive just in time (to do sth)

Comp
punto crítico critical moment o point; [de reactor] critical point;
alcanzar el punto crítico [reactor] to go critical

7. [estado, fase] state, condition;

estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are;

llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…;

estar en su punto to be just right;

¿cómo quiere el filete? – a punto o [m5] al punto how would you like your steak? – medium, please;

poner a punto [motor] to tune;
Fig [sistema, método] to fine-tune
Comp
punto de congelación freezing point;
punto culminante high point;

punto de ebullición boiling point;

punto de fusión melting point;

punto muerto [en automóviles] neutral;
Fig [en negociaciones] deadlock;
estar en un punto muerto [negociaciones] to be deadlocked;

ir en punto muerto [automóvil] to freewheel;

punto de nieve: [m5] batir a punto de nieve to beat until stiff

8. [grado] degree;

de todo punto [completamente] absolutely;

hasta cierto punto to some extent, up to a point;

el ruido era infernal, hasta el punto de no oír nada o [m5] de que no se oía nada the noise was so bad that you couldn't hear a thing;

hasta tal punto que to such an extent that

9. [cláusula] clause

10. [puntada] [en costura, en cirugía] stitch;
[en unas medias] hole;
tienes o [m5] se te ha escapado un punto en el jersey you've pulled a stitch out of your jumper, you've got a loose stitch on your jumper;

le dieron diez puntos en la frente he had to have ten stitches to his forehead;

coger puntos to pick up stitches

Comp
punto atrás backstitch;
punto de cadeneta chain stitch;

punto de cruz cross-stitch;

punto del revés purl;
Med punto de sutura suture
11. [estilo de tejer] knitting;

un jersey de punto a knitted sweater;

prendas de punto knitwear;

hacer punto to knit

Comp
punto de ganchillo crochet
12. [pizca, toque] touch;

son comentarios un punto racistas they are somewhat racist remarks

13. Arquit
de medio punto [arco, bóveda] semicircular

14. Esp Fam [borrachera ligera]
cogerse/tener un punto to get/be merry

15. Esp Fam [reacción, estado de ánimo]
le dan unos puntos muy raros he can be really weird sometimes;

le dio el punto generoso he had a fit of generosity

16. Esp Fam [cosa estupenda]
¡qué punto! that's great o fantastic!

17. Comp
RP Fam
agarrar a alguien de punto to tease sb, Br to take the mickey out of sb

♦ punto com nf
[empresa] dotcom
* * *

punto

m

1 point;

punto por punto point by point;

ganar por puntos win on points

2 señal dot;

en punto on the dot;

a las tres en punto at three sharp, at three on the dot

3 signo de punctuación period, Br

full stop;

dos puntos colon;

punto y coma semicolon;

con puntos y comas fig in full detail;

poner punto final a algo fig end sth, put an end to sth;

y punto period;

poner los puntos sobre las íes fam make things crystal clear;

empresa punto.com dot.com (company)

4 en costura, sutura stitch;

hacer punto knit;

de punto knitted

5

:

a punto ( listo) ready; (a tiempo) in time llegar a punto para … arrive just in time to …;

estar a punto be ready;

estar a punto de be about to;

el arroz está en su punto the rice is ready;

poner a punto TÉC tune;

puesta a punto tune-up

6 alcance

:

hasta cierto punto up to a point;

hasta qué punto to what extent;

me pregunto hasta qué punto lo que dice es verdad o una exageración I wonder how much of what he says is true and how much is exaggeration;

hasta tal punto que to such an extent that

7

:

batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks

* * *

punto nm

1) : dot, point

2) : period (in punctuation)

3) : item, question

4) : spot, place

5) : moment, stage, degree

6) : point (in a score)

7) : stitch

8)

en punto : on the dot, sharp

a las dos en punto: at two o'clock sharp

9)

al punto : at once

10)

a punto fijo : exactly, certainly

11)

dos puntos : colon

12)

hasta cierto punto : up to a point

13)

punto decimal : decimal point

14)

punto de vista : point of view

15)

punto y coma : semicolon

16)

y punto : period

es el mejor que hay y punto: it's the best there is, period

17)

puntos cardinales : points of the compass

* * *

punto n

1. (en general) point

una victoria vale tres puntos a win is worth three points

el punto de partida the starting point

2. (señal) dot

la línea de puntos the dotted line

3. (lugar) spot / place

¿en qué punto de la ciudad? where exactly in the city?

4. (puntada) stitch

le dieron cuatro puntos he had four stitches

5. (signo ortográfico) full stop

se debe poner un punto cuando finaliza una frase you must put a full stop at the end of a sentence

a punto ready

tengo todo a punto I've got everything ready

a punto de (en general) about to (por poco) nearly

estoy a punto de salir I'm about to go out

estuvo a punto de caerse he nearly fell

de punto knitted

en punto exactly

estar en su punto to be just right

hacer punto to knit

punto y coma semicolon

punto débil weak point

punto de congelación freezing point

punto de ebullición boiling point

punto de vista point of view

Spanish-English dictionary > punto
12 tour

I.

tour¹ [tuʀ]

1. feminine noun

   a. ( = édifice) tower ; ( = immeuble très haut) tower block

   b. (Chess) castle, rook

2. compounds

► la tour de Babel the Tower of Babel

► tour de contrôle control tower

► la tour Eiffel the Eiffel Tower

► tour HLM high-rise council block (Brit), high-rise project (US)

► tour d'ivoire

• enfermé dans sa or une tour d'ivoire shut away in an ivory tower ► la tour de Londres the Tower of London

► la tour de Pise the Leaning Tower of Pisa

II.

tour² [tuʀ]

━━━━━━━━━

1. masculine noun

2. compounds

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. ( = excursion, parcours) trip ; ( = promenade) (à pied) walk ; (en voiture) drive ; (en vélo) ride

• allons faire un tour à pied let's go for a walk

• allons faire un petit tour à pied let's go for a walk

• faire un tour de manège to have a ride on a merry-go-round

• faire un tour en ville to go for a walk round town

• faire un tour en Italie to go for a trip round Italy

• le tour du parc prend bien une heure it takes a good hour to walk around the park

• on en a vite fait le tour [de lieu] there's not much to see ; [de livre, théorie] there isn't much to it ; [de personne] there isn't much to him (or her)

► faire le tour de [+ parc, pays, magasins] to go round ; [+ possibilités] to explore ; [+ problème] to consider from all angles

• faire le tour du cadran [aiguille] to go round the clock ; [dormeur] to sleep round the clock

• faire le tour du monde to go round the world

• la route fait le tour de leur propriété the road goes round their estate

• faire le tour du propriétaire to look round one's property

• je vais te faire faire le tour du propriétaire I'll show you round

• faire le tour des invités to do the rounds of the guests

• la plaisanterie a fait le tour de la table the joke went round the table► faire un tour de

• faire un tour d'Europe to tour Europe

• ils ont fait un tour du monde en bateau they sailed round the world

   b. (dans un ordre, une succession) turn

• c'est votre tour it's your turn

• à ton tour de jouer it's your turn ; (Chess, draughts) it's your move

• passer son tour to miss one's turn

• parler à son tour to speak in turn

• attends, tu parleras à ton tour wait - you'll have your turn to speak

• chacun son tour ! wait your turn!

• nous le faisons chacun à notre tour we take it in turns

• c'est au tour de Marc de parler it's Marc's turn to speak

• à qui le tour ? whose turn is it?

• votre tour viendra your turn will come

► à tour de rôle in turn

• ils sont de garde à tour de rôle they take turns being on duty► tour à tour alternately

• le temps était tour à tour pluvieux et ensoleillé the weather was alternately wet and sunny

• elle se sentait tour à tour optimiste et désespérée she felt optimistic and despairing by turns

   c. (Sport, politics) round

• au premier tour de la Coupe d'Europe in the first round of the European Cup

• élu au second tour elected in the second round

• tour de scrutin ballot

   d. ( = circonférence) [de partie du corps] measurement ; [de tronc, colonne] girth ; [de surface] circumference

• tour de tête head measurement ; (pour chapeau) hat size

• tour de cou collar size

• tour de taille waist measurement

• tour hanches hip measurement

• tour de poitrine [d'homme] chest measurement ; [de femme] bust measurement

   e. ( = rotation) revolution ; [d'écrou, clé] turn

• l'hélice a fait deux tours the propeller turned twice

• régime de 2 000 tours (minute) speed of 2,000 revs per minute

• un 33 tours an LP

• un 45 tours a single

• un 78 tours a 78

• donner un tour de clé to turn the key

• faire un tour sur soi-même to spin round once

► à tour de bras [frapper, taper] with all one's strength ; [composer, produire] prolifically ; [critiquer] with a vengeance

• il écrit des chansons à tour de bras he churns out songs one after the other

• ils licenciaient à tour de bras they were laying people off left, right and centre

   f. ( = tournure) [de situation, conversation] turn ; ( = phrase) turn of phrase

• la situation prend un tour dramatique the situation is taking a dramatic turn

   g. ( = exercice) [d'acrobate] feat ; [de jongleur, prestidigitateur] trick

• tour d'adresse feat of skill

• tour de cartes card trick

• et le tour est joué ! and there you have it!

• c'est un tour à prendre ! it's just a knack!

• avoir plus d'un tour dans son sac to have more than one trick up one's sleeve

   h. ( = duperie) trick

• jouer un tour à qn to play a trick on sb

• un sale tour a dirty trick (inf)

   i. ( = machine) lathe

• tour de potier potter's wheel

2. <

► tour de chant song recital

► tour de force amazing feat

► le Tour de France the Tour de France

► tour de garde spell of duty

► tour d'honneur (Sport) lap of honour

► tour d'horizon general survey

• faire un tour d'horizon de la situation to have a look at the general situation ► tour de main

• avoir un tour de main to have a knack

• en un tour de main in no time at all ► tour de manivelle turn of the handle

• le premier tour de manivelle est prévu pour octobre [de film] the cameras should begin rolling in October ► tour de piste (Sport) lap ; (dans un cirque) circuit (of the ring)

► tour de reins back strain

• attraper un tour de reins to strain one's back

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

LE TOUR DE FRANCE

The famous annual cycle race takes about three weeks to complete in daily stages « étapes » of approximately 110 miles. The leading cyclist wears a yellow jersey, the « maillot jaune ». The route varies and is not usually confined only to France, but the race always ends on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.

* * *

I tuʀ
nom masculin

1) ( mouvement rotatif) gén turn; ( autour d'un axe) revolution

donner un tour de clé — to turn the key

faire un tour de manège — to have a go on the merry-go-round

faire un tour de valse — to waltz around the floor

faire un tour sur soi-même — [danseur] to spin around; [planète] to rotate

un (disque) 33/45/78 tours — an LP/a 45 ou single/a 78

fermer quelque chose à double tour — to double-lock something

à tour de bras — (colloq) [frapper] with a vengeance; [investir, racheter] left, right and centre [BrE] (colloq)

2) ( mouvement autour de)

faire le tour de quelque chose — gén to go around something; ( en voiture) to drive around something

faire le tour du monde — to go around the world

la nouvelle a vite fait le tour du village — the news spread rapidly through the village

tour de circuit — lap

3) ( pourtour) ( bords) edges (pl); ( circonférence) circumference; ( mensuration) measurement; ( mesure standard) size

de 15 mètres de tour — 15 metres [BrE] in circumference, 15 metres [BrE] around

tour de hanches — hip measurement

4) ( déplacement) ( à pied) walk, stroll; ( à bicyclette) ride; ( en voiture) drive, spin

faire un (petit) tour — ( à pied) to go for a walk ou stroll

je suis allé faire un tour à Paris/en ville — I went to Paris/into GB ou down US town

faire un tour chez des amis — to go over to some friends

faire des tours et des détours — lit [route, rivière] to twist and turn; fig [personne] to beat about the bush

5) ( examen) look

faire le tour d'un problème — to have a look at a problem

faire un (rapide) tour d'horizon — to have a quick overall look

faire le tour de ses ennemis — to go through one's enemies

on en a vite fait le tour — (colloq) pej there's not much to it/her/them etc

6) ( moment d'agir) gén turn; (de compétition, tournoi, coupe) round

à qui le tour? — whose turn is it?

il perd plus souvent qu'à son tour — ( il regrette) he loses more often than he would like; ( je critique) he loses more often than he should

tour à tour — ( alternativement) by turns; ( à la suite) in turn

7) ( consultation électorale)

tour de scrutin — ballot, round of voting

scrutin à deux tours — two-round ballot

8) (manœuvre, ruse) trick

jouer un tour à quelqu'un — to play a trick on somebody

et le tour est joué — ( c'est fait) that's done the trick; ( ce sera fait) that will do the trick

ça te jouera des tours — it's going to get you into trouble one of these days

tour d'adresse — feat of skill

tour de main — knack

en un tour de main — ( habilement) deftly; ( rapidement) in a flash

tour de force — feat; ( œuvre) tour de force

9) (allure, aspect) turn

tour (de phrase) — Linguistique turn of phrase

le tour qu'ont pris les événements — the turn events have taken

donner un tour nouveau à quelque chose — to give a new twist to something

10) Technologie ( machine-outil) lathe

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- tour de chant

- tour de potier

- tour de rein

II tuʀ
nom féminin

1) Architecture tower; ( immeuble) tower block GB, high rise US

2) ( aux échecs) rook, castle

3) ( machine de guerre) siege-tower

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- tour de forage

* * *

I tuʀ nf
1) (de château, d'église, gratte-ciel) tower

2) (= immeuble locatif) high-rise block Grande-Bretagne high-rise building USA tower block Grande-Bretagne

Il y a beaucoup de tours dans ce quartier. — There are a lot of tower blocks in this area.

3) ÉCHECS castle, rook

II tuʀ nm
1) (= excursion) (à pied) stroll, walk, (en voiture) drive, run, (à bicyclette) ride

faire un tour (à pied) — to go for a walk, (en voiture) to go for a drive

Allons faire un tour dans le parc. — Let's go for a walk in the park.

Tu veux aller faire un tour à vélo? — Do you want to go for a bike ride?

2) (parcours circulaire)

faire le tour de — to go around, (à pied) to walk around, (en voiture) to drive around, fig, [sujet] to review

Le tour de l'île prend trois heures. — It takes three hours to go around the island.

faire le tour du monde — to travel around the world

3) (en visitant chaque région)

faire un tour d'Europe — to tour Europe

On a fait un tour des Pyrénées. — We toured the Pyrénées.

4) SPORT (tour de piste) lap

5) (d'être servi ou de jouer) turn

c'est au tour de...; C'est au tour de Renée. — It's Renée's turn.

C'est ton tour de jouer. — It's your turn to play.

à tour de rôle; tour à tour — in turn

faire qch à tour de rôle — to take it in turns to do sth

6) (= tournure) turn

le tour des événements — the turn of events

7) (avec une vis ou clef) turn

tour de vis — turn of the screw

fermer à double tour — to double-lock the door

8) [roue] revolution

faire 2 tours — to turn twice, to revolve twice

9) (= circonférence)

de 3 m de tour — 3 m around, with a circumference of 3 m

tour de taille — waist measurement

tour de tête — head measurement

10) (= ruse) trick, [prestidigitation, cartes] trick

11) [potier] wheel, (à bois, métaux) lathe

12) (autre locution)

à tour de bras — non-stop, relentlessly

* * *

tour

A nm

1 ( mouvement rotatif) gén turn; Mécan, Mes revolution; 5 000 tours (par) minute 5,000 revolutions ou revs○ per minute; l'essieu grince à chaque tour de roue the axle squeaks at every turn of the wheel; donner un tour de vis to give the screw a turn; donner un tour de clé to turn the key; être à quelques tours de roue de to be just around the corner from; faire un tour de manège to have a go on the merry-go-round; faire un tour de valse to waltz around the floor; la Terre fait un tour sur elle-même en 24 heures the Earth rotates once in 24 hours; faire un tour sur soi-même [danseur] to spin around; un (disque) 33/45/78 tours an LP/a 45 ou single/a 78; fermer qch à double tour to double-lock sth; s'enfermer à double tour fig to lock oneself away; à tour de bras○ [frapper] with a vengeance; [investir, racheter] left right and centre^GB○; ⇒ quart;

2 ( mouvement autour de) faire le tour de qch gén to go around sth; ( en voiture) to drive around sth; le train fait le tour du lac en deux heures the train takes two hours to go around the lake; faire le tour du monde to go around the world; la nouvelle a vite fait le tour du village the news spread rapidly through the village; il a fait le tour de l'Afrique en stop he hitchhiked around Africa; faire le grand tour fig to go the long way round GB ou around US; en deuxième tour de circuit Sport on the second lap of the circuit; faire un tour d'honneur to do a lap of honour^GB; avec plusieurs tours de corde, ça tiendra with the rope wound around a few times, it'll hold; mettre trois tours de corde to wind the rope around three times; donner plusieurs tours à la pâte Culin to fold the dough several times; ⇒ cadran, propriétaire, repartir B, sang;

3 ⇒ Les mesures de longueur, Les tailles ( pourtour) ( bords) edges (pl); ( circonférence) circumference; ( mensuration) measurement; ( mesure standard) size; le tour de l'étang est couvert de jonquilles there are daffodils all around the edges of the pond; elle a le tour des yeux fardé au kohl she has kohl around her eyes; tronc de 15 mètres de tour trunk 15 metres^GB in circumference ou 15 metres around; tour de tête/cou/taille/hanches head/neck/waist/hip measurement; faire du 90 de tour de poitrine ≈ to have a 36-inch bust; ⇒ poitrine;

4 ( déplacement bref) ( à pied) walk, stroll; ( à bicyclette) ride; ( en voiture) drive, spin; faire un (petit) tour ( à pied) to go for a walk ou stroll; si nous allions faire un tour? shall we go for a walk?; je suis allé faire un tour à Paris/en ville I went to Paris/into GB ou down town; je vais faire un tour chez des amis I'm just going to pop round GB ou go over US to some friends; fais un tour à la nouvelle exposition, ça vaut le coup go and have a look round GB ou around US the new exhibition, it's worth it; faire des tours et des détours lit [route, rivière] to twist and turn; fig [personne] to beat about the bush;

5 ( examen bref) look; faire le tour d'un problème/sujet to have a look at a problem/subject; faire un (rapide) tour d'horizon to have a quick overall look (de at), to make a general survey (de of); faire le tour de ses ennemis/relations to go through one's enemies/acquaintances; on en a vite fait le tour○ pej (de problème, sujet, d'ouvrage) there's not much to it; ( de personne) there's not much to him/her/them etc;

6 ( moment d'agir) gén turn; (de compétition, tournoi, coupe) round; à qui le tour? whose turn is it?; c'est ton tour it's your turn; chacun son tour each one in his turn; jouer avant son tour to play out of turn; à mon tour de faire it's my turn to do; récompensé à mon tour rewarded in my turn; attendre/passer son tour to wait/miss one's turn; c'est au tour de qn it 's sb's turn; notre équipe a été battue au second tour our team was defeated in the second round; la cuisine est nettoyée, maintenant c'est au tour du salon the kitchen is cleaned up, now for the living-room; il perd plus souvent qu'à son tour ( il regrette) he loses more often than he would like; ( je critique) he loses more often than he should; tour à tour ( alternativement) by turns; ( à la suite) in turn; être tour à tour gentil et agressif to be nice and agressive by turns; il a été tour à tour patron d'entreprise, ministre et professeur d'économie he has been in turn a company boss, a minister and an economics teacher; ⇒ rôle;

7 Pol ( consultation) ballot; les résultats du premier/second tour the results of the first/second ballot; au second tour on the second ballot; scrutin à deux tours two-round ballot; tour de scrutin ballot, round of voting;

8 (manœuvre, ruse) trick; jouer un bon/mauvais/sale tour à qn to play a good/nasty/dirty trick on sb; ma mémoire me joue des tours my memory is playing tricks on me; et le tour est joué that's done the trick; un peu de peinture et le tour est joué a bit of paint will do the trick; ça te jouera des tours it's going to get you into trouble one of these days; ⇒ pendable, sac;

9 ( manipulation habile) trick; tour de cartes card trick; tour de prestidigitation conjuring trick; tour d'adresse feat of skill; tour de main knack; en un tour de main ( habilement) deftly; ( rapidement) in a flash; tour de force gén amazing feat; ( performance) tour de force; constituer un tour de force to be an amazing feat; réussir le tour de force de faire to achieve the amazing feat of doing; ⇒ passe-passe;

10 (allure, aspect) (de situation, relations) turn; (de création, mode) twist; tour (de phrase) Ling turn of phrase; le tour qu'ont pris les événements the turn events have taken; donner un tour nouveau à qch to give a new twist to sth; c'est un tour assez rare en français it's a somewhat unusual turn of phrase in French;

11 Tech ( machine-outil) lathe; fait au tour† [jambe, corps] shapely.

B nf

1 Archit tower; ( immeuble) tower block GB, high rise US;

2 Jeux ( d'échecs) rook, castle;

3 Hist Mil ( machine de guerre) siege-tower.

Composés

tour de Babel Relig, Ling, fig Tower of Babel; tour de chant Art, Mus song recital; tour de contrôle Aviat control tower; tour Eiffel Eiffel Tower; tour de forage Tech derrick; tour de France ( de cycliste) Tour de France; ( de compagnon) journeyman's travelling^GB apprenticeship; tour de garde Mil turn of duty; tour de guet Mil watchtower; tour d'ivoire fig ivory tower; s'enfermer or se retrancher dans sa tour d'ivoire to shut oneself away in an ivory tower; tour de Londres Tower of London; tour mort Naut round turn; tour de Pise Leaning Tower of Pisa; tour de potier Art potter's wheel; tour de refroidissement Nucl cooling tower; tour de rein(s) Méd back strain; se donner or attraper un tour de rein(s) to strain one's back; tour de table Fin pool; faire un tour de table ( à un réunion) to sound out everybody ou to go round GB ou around US the table; après un rapide tour de table having gone round GB ou around US the table quickly (to see what people think).

I

[tur] nom féminin

1. ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION tower

la tour de Babel BIBLE the Tower of Babel

tour de bureaux office (tower) block

tour de contrôle AÉRONAUTIQUE control tower

la tour Eiffel the Eiffel tower

tour de guet observation tower

tour d'habitation tower ou high-rise block

tour d'ivoire (figuré) ivory tower

la tour de Londres the Tower of London

la tour (penchée) de Pise the Leaning Tower of Pisa

immeuble tour tower block

2. (familier) [personne grande et corpulente]

c'est une vraie tour he's/she's built like the side of a house

3. JEUX castle, rook

4. CHIMIE

tour de fractionnement fractionating column

5. INDUSTRIE DU PÉTROLE

tour de forage drilling rig

II

[tur] nom masculin

A.[CERCLE]

1. [circonférence - d'un fût, d'un arbre] girth ; [ - d'un objet, d'une étendue] circumference

2. [mensuration]

tour de taille/hanches waist/hip measurement

prends ton tour de taille measure (round) your waist

quel est votre tour de taille/hanches? what size waist/hips are you?

tour de cou collar size

il fait (un) 42 de tour de cou he takes a size 42 collar

tour de poitrine

a. [d'une femme] bust measurement ou size

b. [d'un homme] chest measurement ou size

tour de tête hat size

3. [parure]

tour de cou

a. JOAILLERIE choker

b. [vêtement en fourrure] fur collar

tour de lit (bed) valance

4. [circuit] tour, circuit

j'ai fait le grand tour pour venir ici I came here the long way round

faire le tour de (sens propre) : faire le tour d'un parc

a. to go round a park

b. [à pied] to walk round a park

c. [en voiture] to drive round a park

faire le tour du monde to go round the world

faire le tour du monde en auto-stop/voilier to hitch-hike/to sail round the world

faire le tour de (figuré) : l'anecdote a fait le tour des bureaux the story went round the offices ou did the rounds of the offices

faire le tour d'une question to consider a problem from all angles

j'ai fait le tour de toutes les options I've explored all the possibilities

je sais ce qu'il vaut, j'en ai vite fait le tour I know what he's worth, it didn't take me long to size him up

tour de circuit lap

le Tour de France

a. [cycliste] the Tour de France

b. [des compagnons] the Tour de France (carried out by an apprentice to become a journeyman)

tour d'honneur lap of honour

tour de piste

a. SPORT [athlétisme] lap

b. ÉQUITATION round

faire un tour de piste sans faute ÉQUITATION to have a clear round

le tour du propriétaire: on a fait le tour du propriétaire we went ou looked round the property

fais-moi faire le tour du propriétaire show me round your property

j'ai fait le tour du cadran (familier) I slept round the clock

faire un tour d'horizon to deal with all aspects of a problem

5. [promenade - à pied] walk, stroll ; [ - en voiture] drive, ride ; [ - à bicyclette, à cheval, en hélicoptère] ride

[court voyage] trip, outing (substantif non comptable)

faire un tour

a. [à pied] to go for a walk

b. [en voiture] to go for a drive ou ride

c. [à vélo] to go for a ride

faire un tour en ville to go into town

nous irons faire un tour dans les Pyrénées we'll go for a trip in the Pyrenees

B.[PÉRIODE, ÉTAPE]

1. [moment dans une succession] turn

JEUX [généralement] turn, go

[aux échecs] move

c'est (à) ton tour

a. [généralement] it's your turn ou go

b. [échecs] it's your move

à qui le tour whose turn is it?, who's next?

chacun son tour everyone will have his turn

laisser passer son tour to miss one's turn

attendre son tour to wait one's turn

c'est à ton tour de mettre la table it's your turn to lay ou to set the table

tu parleras à ton tour you'll have your chance to say something

nous veillons chacun à notre tour we take turns to be on watch

tour de garde [d'un médecin] spell ou turn of duty

tour de scrutin ballot

au premier tour in the first ballot ou round

2. SPORT [série de matches] round

le second tour de la coupe d'Europe the second round of the European Cup

C.[ACTION HABILE OU MALICIEUSE]

1. [stratagème] trick

elle prépare un mauvais tour she's up to some mischief

jouer un tour à quelqu'un to play a trick on somebody

jouer un sale ou mauvais tour à quelqu'un to play a nasty ou dirty trick on somebody

ça vous jouera un mauvais ou vilain tour you'll be sorry for it!, it'll catch up with you (one day)!

ma mémoire/vue me joue des tours my memory/sight is playing tricks on me

et le tour est joué! and there you have it!

avoir plus d'un tour dans son sac to have more than one trick up one's sleeve

2. [numéro, technique]

tour d'adresse skilful trick, feat of skill

tour de cartes card trick

tour de passe-passe sleight of hand

D.[ASPECT]

1. [orientation] turn

cette affaire prend un très mauvais tour this business is going very wrong

la discussion prend un très mauvais tour the discussion is taking a nasty turn

tour d'esprit turn ou cast of mind

donner le tour

a. (Suisse) [maladie] to take a turn for the better

b. [personne] to wrap up

2. LINGUISTIQUE [expression] expression, phrase

[en syntaxe] construction

un tour de phrase maladroit an awkward turn of phrase

E.[ROTATION]

1. [d'une roue, d'un cylindre] turn, revolution

[d'un outil] turn

ASTRONOMIE revolution

faire un tour/trois tour s sur soi-même to spin round once/three times (on oneself)

il n'y a qu'un tour de clef the key's only been turned once

donner deux tours de clef to give a key two turns, to turn a key twice

n'oublie pas de donner un tour de clef (à la porte) don't forget to lock the door

tour de manège ride on a roundabout (UK) ou a merry-go-round

tour de vis (turn of the) screw

2. AUTOMOBILE revolution, rev

3. MÉDECINE

tour de reins: attraper ou se donner un tour de reins to put one's back out, to rick one's back

F.technologie lathe

tour de potier potter's wheel

fait au tour (figuré) beautifully made

————————

à tour de bras locution adverbiale

[frapper] with all one's strength ou might

————————

à tour de rôle locution adverbiale

in turn

on peut le faire à tour de rôle si tu veux we can take (it in) turns if you like

tour à tour locution adverbiale

alternately, by turns

————————

tour de chant nom masculin

(song) recital

————————

tour de force nom masculin

tour de force, (amazing) feat

il a réussi le tour de force de la convaincre he managed to convince her, and it was quite a tour de force ou quite an achievement

————————

tour de main nom masculin

1. [savoir-faire] knack

avoir/prendre le tour de main to have/to pick up the knack

c'est un tour (de main) à prendre it's just a knack one has to pick up

2. (locution)

en un tour de main in no time (at all), in the twinkling of an eye

————————

tour de table nom masculin

1. ÉCONOMIE a meeting of shareholders or investors to decide a course of action

2. [débat]

faisons un tour de table I'd like each of you in turn to give his or her comments

réunir un tour de table to organize a brainstorming session

TOUR DE FRANCE

The world-famous annual cycle race starts in a different town each year, but the home stretch is always the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The widespread excitement caused by the race, along with the heroic status of many coureurs-cyclistes, reflects the continuing fondness of the French towards cycling in general.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > tour

13 flat

I noun
(Brit.): (dwelling) Wohnung, die
II 1. adjective
1) flach; eben [Fläche]; platt [Nase, Reifen]

spread the blanket flat on the ground — die Decke glatt auf dem Boden ausbreiten

2) (fig.) (monotonous) eintönig; (dull) lahm (ugs.); fade; (stale) schal, abgestanden [Bier, Sekt]; (Electr.) leer [Batterie]

fall flat — nicht ankommen (ugs.); seine Wirkung verfehlen

3) (downright) glatt (ugs.)

[and] that's flat — und damit basta (ugs.)

4) (Mus.) [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt [Note]
2. adverb
1) (coll.): (completely)

flat broke — total pleite

2) (coll.): (exactly)

in two hours flat — in genau zwei Stunden
3. noun
1) flache Seite

flat of the hand — Handfläche, die

2) (level ground) Ebene, die

3) (Mus.) erniedrigter Ton

* * *
[flæt] 1. adjective
1) (level; without rise or fall: a flat surface.) flach

2) (dull; without interest: She spent a very flat weekend.) langweilig

3) ((of something said, decided etc) definite; emphatic: a flat denial.) glatt

4) ((of a tyre) not inflated, having lost most of its air: His car had a flat tyre.) platt

5) ((of drinks) no longer fizzy: flat lemonade; ( also adverb) My beer has gone flat.) fade

6) (slightly lower than a musical note should be: That last note was flat; ( also adverb) The choir went very flat.) zu tief
2. adverb
(stretched out: She was lying flat on her back.) flach
3. noun
1) ((American apartment) a set of rooms on one floor, with kitchen and bathroom, in a larger building or block: Do you live in a house or a flat?) die Wohnung

2) ((in musical notation) a sign (♭) which makes a note a semitone lower.) das B

3) (a level, even part: the flat of her hand.) die Fläche

4) ((usually in plural) an area of flat land, especially beside the sea, a river etc: mud flats.) die Niederung

•

- academic.ru/27860/flatly">flatly
- flatten
- flat rate
- flat out
* * *

flat¹

[flæt]

I. adj

<- tt->

1. (not raised, horizontal) inclination flach; (even) floor, ground flach; ground, path, territory eben; face, nose platt

people used to believe that the earth was \flat früher glaubten die Menschen, die Erde sei eine Scheibe

\flat hand flache [o offene] Hand

\flat heel/shoe flacher Absatz/Schuh

to be [as] \flat as a pancake ground topfeben [o ÖSTERR brettleben] sein; ( fam) woman flach wie ein [Bügel]brett sein fam

\flat roof flaches Dach, Flachdach nt

2. (shallow) cup, plate flach

3. (smooth) glatt; surface eben

4. attr, inv ( fig: absolute) entschieden, kategorisch, glatt fam

to be met with \flat denial [or refusal] auf entschiedene [o fam glatte] Ablehnung stoßen, rundweg abgelehnt werden fam

5. ( also fig pej: dull) langweilig, lahm pej fam, öd[e] pej fam; of conversation, writing geistlos, flach pej

6. (monotone) voice ohne Modulation nach n, ausdruckslos pej; LIT (lacking delineation) character eindimensional fachspr, einfach gestrickt fam; (lacking depth, contrast) of a photo, picture flach, kontrastarm

7. (not shiny) of colour, paint, varnish matt, stumpf

8. (tasteless) cooking fad[e]; drinks schal, abgestanden

to go \flat schal werden

9. BRIT, AUS (exhausted) battery leer

10. (deflated) platt

\flat tyre platter Reifen, Plattfuß m fam, Patschen m ÖSTERR sl, Platten m SCHWEIZ

11. COMM, ECON (not active) business, market prices flau, lustlos fachspr

\flat market flauer [o ruhiger] Markt, lustlose Börse

12. pred AM ( fam: without funds) pleite fam

13. MUS (lower in pitch) note [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt; key mit B-Vorzeichen nach n; (below intended pitch) string, voice zu tief [gestimmt]

E \flat major Es-Dur

14. attr, inv COMM (fixed) einheitlich, Einheits-, Pauschal-

\flat charge Pauschale f fachspr

\flat fee Pauschalgebühr f, Pauschalhonorar nt fachspr

\flat price/tariff Einheitspreis/Einheitstarif m fachspr

\flat rate Einheitssatz m, Pauschalsatz m fachspr

\flat yield Umlaufrendite f

15.

▶ and that's \flat und dabei bleibt es [o fam damit basta

II. adv

<- tt->

1. (horizontally) flach

to fall \flat on one's face der Länge nach hinfallen, ÖSTERR a. auf die Nase fallen fam

to lie \flat on one's back flach [o lang hingestreckt] auf dem Rücken liegen

2. (levelly) platt

to fold sth \flat napkin, sheet etw zusammenfalten; ironing, napkin, tablecloth etw zusammenlegen; deckchair etw zusammenklappen

to knock [or lay] sth \flat building, wall etw plattwalzen [o einebnen] [o a. fig dem Erdboden gleichmachen

3. inv ( fam: absolutely) rundheraus, glattweg

she told him \flat that she would not go to the show sie sagte ihm klipp und klar, dass sie nicht zu der Show gehen werde

to be \flat against the rules eindeutig gegen die Regeln verstoßen

4. inv ( fam: completely) völlig, total fam

to be \flat broke total [o völlig] pleite [o ÖSTERR a. abgebrannt] sein fam

to be \flat out völlig alle [o total erledigt] sein [o ÖSTERR a. hin] fam

5. ( fam: exactly) genau

6. MUS (below intended pitch) sing, play zu tief

7.

▶ to fall \flat (fail) attempt, effort scheitern, danebengehen fam; stage performance durchfallen; joke nicht ankommen fam

▶ in no time \flat ( fam) in Sekundenschnelle [o fam null Komma nichts

III. n

1. (level surface) flache Seite; of a knife, sword Breitseite f

\flat of the hand Handfläche f

he hit me with the \flat of his hand er schlug mich mit der flachen Hand

2. (level ground) Fläche f, Ebene f

most of the path is on the \flat der größte Teil des Weges ist eben

3. GEOG (land) Flachland nt, Niederung f fachspr

▪ the \flats pl ground die Ebenen pl fachspr; seafloor die Untiefen pl, die Sandbänke pl fachspr

the mud \flats pl die Sumpfebene sing fachspr

the salt \flats pl die Salzwüste sing fachspr

4. MUS (sign) Erniedrigungszeichen nt fachspr, b nt; (tone) [um einen halben Ton] erniedrigter Ton fachspr

5. BRIT SPORT (horse race) Flachrennen nt fachspr; (season) Saison f für Flachrennen

6. THEAT (scenery) Schiebewand f, Kulisse f fachspr

7. esp BRIT, AUS (tyre) Platte(r) m, Plattfuß m fam, Patschen m ÖSTERR, Platten m SCHWEIZ

flat²

[flæt]

n BRIT, AUS [Etagen]wohnung f, Mietwohnung f

company \flat Firmenwohnung f, Dienstwohnung f

▪ \flats pl Wohnblock m, Mietblock m, Mehrfamilienhaus nt SCHWEIZ

* * *
I [flt]
1. adj (+er)

1) flach; tyre, nose, feet platt; surface eben

he stood flat against the wall — er stand platt gegen die Wand gedrückt

as flat as a pancake ( inf, tyre ) — total platt; (countryside) total flach

flat roof — Flachdach nt

to fall flat on one's face — auf die Nase fallen

to lie flat — flach or platt liegen

2) (fig) fade; painting, photo flach, kontrastarm; colour matt, stumpf, glanzlos; joke, remark abgedroschen, öde, müde; trade, market lau, lahm, lustlos; battery leer; (= stale) beer, wine schal, abgestanden

in a flat voice — mit ausdrucksloser Stimme

she felt a bit flat — sie fühlte sich ein bisschen daneben (inf), sie hatte zu nichts Lust

to fall flat (joke) — nicht ankommen; (play etc) durchfallen

3) refusal, denial glatt, deutlich

and that's flat — und damit basta

4) (MUS: out of tune) instrument zu tief (gestimmt); voice zu tief

5) (COMM) Pauschal-

flat rate — Pauschale f; (Internet) Flatrate f

to charge a flat rate of interest — einen pauschalen Zinssatz berechnen

to get a flat rate of pay — pauschal bezahlt werden

flat fare — Einheitstarif m

2. adv

1) turn down, refuse rundweg, kategorisch

he told me flat ( out) that... — er sagte mir klipp und klar, dass...

2) (MUS)

to sing/play flat — zu tief singen/spielen

3)

in ten seconds flat — in sage und schreibe (nur) zehn Sekunden

4)

flat broke (inf) — total pleite (inf)

5)

to go flat out — voll aufdrehen (inf); (in car also) Spitze fahren (inf)

to work or go flat out — auf Hochtouren arbeiten

to be lying flat out — platt am Boden liegen

3. n

1) (of hand) Fläche f; (of blade) flache Seite

2) (GEOG) Ebene f;

3) (MUS) Erniedrigungszeichen nt, b nt

4) (AUT) Platte(r) m (inf), (Reifen)panne f

5) (THEAT) Kulisse f

6) (SPORT)

the flat — das Flachrennen
II
n (esp Brit)
Wohnung f
* * *

flat¹ [flæt]

A s

1. Fläche f, Ebene f

2. flache Seite:

flat of the hand Handfläche f;

with the flat of one’s hand mit der flachen Hand

3. a) Flachland n, Niederung f

b) (Skisport) Flachstück n (einer Abfahrtsstrecke etc)

4. Untiefe f, Flach n

5. MUS B n

6. THEAT Kulisse f

7. AUTO besonders US Reifenpanne f, Plattfuß m umg

8. → flatboat

9. TECH Flacheisen n

10. → flatcar

11. US breitkrempiger Strohhut

12. the flat (Pferdesport) bes Br

a) koll (die) Flachrennen pl,

b) die Flachrennsaison

13. US flacher Fest- oder Umzugswagen

14. flacher Korb

15. pl flache Schuhe pl, Schuhe mit flachen Absätzen

B adj (adv → flatly)

1. flach, eben:

flat section → A 3 b;

flat shore Flachküste f;

(as) flat as a pancake ( oder board) umg

a) völlig flach,

b) flach wie ein Bügelbrett (Mädchen)

2. TECH Flach…:

flat anvil (chisel, coil, rail, wire, etc)

3. Ballistik: rasant (Flugbahn)

4. (aus-, hin)gestreckt, flach am Boden liegend

5. flat on eng an (dat)

6. dem Erdboden gleich:

lay a city flat eine Stadt dem Erdboden gleichmachen

7. flach, offen (Hand)

8. AUTO platt (Autoreifen)

9. stumpf, platt (Nase)

10. entschieden, kategorisch, glatt (Ablehnung etc):

and that’s flat! und damit basta!

11. a) langweilig, fad(e)

b) flach, oberflächlich, banal

12. schal, fad(e) (Bier), flach (Wein)

13. WIRTSCH flau, lustlos (Markt etc)

14. WIRTSCH

a) einheitlich, Einheits…

b) Pauschal…:

flat fee Pauschalgebühr f;

flat sum Pauschalbetrag m, Pauschale f; → flat price, flat rate

15. MAL, FOTO

a) kontrastarm

b) matt, glanzlos

16. flach, dünn: say sth in a flat voice mit ausdrucksloser Stimme

17. MUS

a) erniedrigt (Note)

b) mit B-Vorzeichen (Tonart)

18. leer (Batterie)

C adv

1. eben, flach:

fall flat

a) der Länge nach hinfallen,

b) fig umg danebengehen, missglücken,

c) fig umg durchfallen (Theaterstück etc);

fall flat on one’s face fig umg eine Bauchlandung machen, auf den Bauch oder auf die Nase fallen; → back¹ A 1

2. genau:

in ten seconds flat

3. eindeutig:

a) entschieden:

he went flat against the rules er hat eindeutig gegen die Regeln verstoßen

b) kategorisch:

he told me flat that …

4. MUS

a) um einen halben Ton niedriger

b) zu tief:

sing flat

5. ohne (Berechnung der aufgelaufenen) Zinsen

6. umg völlig:

flat broke total pleite

7. flat out umg auf Hochtouren:

my car does 100 miles flat out mein Auto fährt oder macht 100 Meilen Spitze;

work flat out volle Pulle arbeiten

8. flat out umg fix und fertig, total erledigt

D v/t

1. TECH flach oder eben machen, glätten

2. MUS US eine Note um einen halben Ton erniedrigen

flat² [flæt]

A s besonders Br Wohnung f: → block A 16 a

B v/i Aus umg in Wohngemeinschaft leben ( with mit)

* * *
I noun
(Brit.): (dwelling) Wohnung, die
II 1. adjective
1) flach; eben [Fläche]; platt [Nase, Reifen]

spread the blanket flat on the ground — die Decke glatt auf dem Boden ausbreiten

2) (fig.) (monotonous) eintönig; (dull) lahm (ugs.); fade; (stale) schal, abgestanden [Bier, Sekt]; (Electr.) leer [Batterie]

fall flat — nicht ankommen (ugs.); seine Wirkung verfehlen

3) (downright) glatt (ugs.)

[and] that's flat — und damit basta (ugs.)

4) (Mus.) [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt [Note]
2. adverb
1) (coll.): (completely)

flat broke — total pleite

2) (coll.): (exactly)

in two hours flat — in genau zwei Stunden
3. noun
1) flache Seite

flat of the hand — Handfläche, die

2) (level ground) Ebene, die

3) (Mus.) erniedrigter Ton

* * *

(UK) n.

Wohnung -en f. (housing) (UK) n.

Appartement n. adj.

flach adj.

geschmacklos adj. n.

Fläche -n f.

English-german dictionary > flat

14 go

1. n разг. ход, ходьба; движение

come and go — хождение туда и сюда

the boat rolled gently with the come and go of small waves — лодка мягко покачивалась на мелких волнах

to be on the go — быть в движении

go astern — идти задним ходом

on the go — на ходу; на ногах

to go on the trek — выступать в поход

passing go — решающий ход в настольной игре «го»

2. n разг. обстоятельство, положение; неожиданный поворот дел

a capital go — очень приятное дело

to go at it boldly — смело приняться за дело

go to feather — входить во флюгерное положение

to go down in the world — потерять былое положение

tell me how things go ? — расскажите мне, как идут дела?

to go on circuit — выезжать в округа для рассмотрения дел

3. n разг. попытка

to have a go at — попытаться, рискнуть, попытать счастья

4. n разг. приступ

she had a bad go of flu — у неё был тяжёлый грипп

5. n разг. порция

6. n разг. сделка, соглашение

7. n разг. разг. энергия, воодушевление; рвение; увлечение

full of go — полон энергии

the children are full of go — у детей много энергии

he has not enough pep and go — ему не хватает энергии и воодушевления

8. n разг. разг. успех; удача; успешное предприятие

to make a go of it — добиться успеха, преуспеть

he is convinced that he can make a go of it — он уверен, что добьётся в этом деле успеха

to go with a wow — иметь шумный успех

9. n разг. редк. походка

the class opted to go on a field trip — все ребята решили пойти в поход

10. n разг. ход; бросок

«мимо»

quite the go — последний крик моды; предмет всеобщего увлечения

first go — первым делом, сразу же

at a go — сразу, зараз

the great go — последний экзамен на степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук

three-engine go around — уход на второй круг с тремя работающими двигателями

11. a амер. разг. быть в состоянии готовности; работать

all systems are go — все системы работают нормально

go all lengths — пойти на все

go condition — рабочее состояние

to go partners — быть партнёрами

go around — быть распространённым

you had better go — вам бы лучше пойти

12. v идти, ходить

to go slowly — идти медленно

to go along the road — идти по дороге

cars go on the road — по дороге едут машины

to go upstairs — подыматься по лестнице

they went over the river — они перешли реку

she went to buy some food — она отправилась за провизией

he went to visit her — он пошёл навестить её

to go to the doctor — пойти к врачу

to go in single file — идти по одному

to go on wheels — идти как по маслу

to go on the scout — идти в разведку

to go to business — ходить на работу

we should go now — нам пора уходить

to go beyond the law — обходить закон

13. v направляться, следовать; ехать, поехать

to go to the window — подойти к окну

to go to the country — поехать за город

to go abroad — поехать за границу

he is going abroad — он едет за границу

to go to France — поехать во Францию

to go on a journey — поехать в путешествие; совершать путешествие

they went for a trip to Windsor — они поехали на экскурсию в Виндзор

he goes to the South every year — каждый год он ездит на юг

to go for a ride — поехать на прогулку

to go for a walk — пойти гулять

the bus goes to London — автобус идёт в Лондон

to go to a meeting — пойти на собрание

to go on a visit — поехать с визитом; поехать погостить

to go second-class — ехать вторым классом

she so wants to go — ей так хочется поехать

to go on a mission — поехать в командировку

to go to a watering-place — поехать на воды

I mean to go tomorrow — я хочу уехать завтра

14. v ездить, путешествовать, передвигаться

to go by land — ехать по суше

to go by air — лететь самолётом

to go by train — ехать поездом

to go by aeroplane — лететь самолётом

to go in a carriage — ехать в экипаже

to go at a crawl — ходить, ездить или двигаться медленно

15. v ходить, курсировать

the steamer goes twice a week — пароход ходит два раза в неделю

to go to the movies — ходить в кино

to go at large — выходить на свободу

to go for a pee — сходить помочиться

to go farthest — заходить очень далеко

to go to and fro — приходить и уходить

16. v уходить, уезжать

we came at six and went at nine — мы пришли в шесть, а ушли в девять

it is time for us to go — нам пора уходить

I must be going now, I must be gone — теперь мне нужно уходить

she is gone — она ушла, её нет

after I go — после моего ухода

go away — уходить

go hunting — ходить на охоту

go to mass — ходить к обедне

go visiting — ходить в гости

go to school — ходить в школу

17. v отходить, отправляться

when does the train go? — когда отходит поезд?

to go to the halls — ходить в мюзик-холл

to go round in a circle — ходить по кругу

to go gunning — охотиться, ходить на охоту

to go marketing — отправляться за покупками

to go sealing — отправляться на охоту на тюленя

18. v двигаться, быть в движении

go along — идти, двигаться

go ahead — двигаться вперёд

to go seesaw — двигаться вверх и вниз

go forth — быть опубликованным, изданным

to go off the track — быть на ложном пути

19. v двигаться с определённой скоростью

the train was going fifty miles an hour — поезд шёл со скоростью 50 миль в час

to go along — двигаться дальше; идти своей дорогой

to go through the gate — лететь на полной скорости

everybody does not want to go — не все хотят уходить

to go from bad to worse — становиться всё хуже и хуже

to go nap — поставить всё на карту, идти на большой риск

20. v работать, действовать, функционировать

my watch is going too fast — мои часы слишком спешат

the engine went beautifully all day — весь день машина работала превосходно

how do I make the washing machine go? — как включить стиральную машину?

this kept the factory going — благодаря этому фабрика продолжала работать

you must keep the fire going — тебе нужно поддерживать огонь

mails go slow — почта работает медленно

go it blind — действовать вслепую

give go — давать разрешение действовать

go on with your work — продолжайте работать

21. v жить, действовать, функционировать

he manages to keep going — он как-то тянет, ему удаётся держаться

to go camping — жить в палатках

to go into the union — жить в работном доме

22. v тянуться, проходить, пролегать, простираться

the boundary goes along the river — граница проходит вдоль реки

mountains that go from east to west — горы, тянущиеся с востока на запад

go by — проходить, проезжать мимо

23. v дотягиваться; доходить

the park goes down to the river — парк простирается до реки

to go to the races — ходить на скачки; ходить на бега

go about — расхаживать, ходить туда и сюда; слоняться

go shopping for — ходить по магазинам за

go shopping — ходить по магазинам

to go on ski — ходить на лыжах

24. v протекать, проходить

time goes quickly — время идёт быстро

vacation goes quickly — не успеваешь оглянуться, а отпуск кончился

much time has gone since that day — с того дня прошло много времени

there is another hour to go — осталось ждать ещё час

summer is going — лето проходит

how is the evening going? — как проходит вечер?

how did the interview go? — как прошло интервью?

I hope all goes well with you — надеюсь, что у вас всё хорошо

if all goes well with us — если у нас всё будет благополучно

how did the voting go? — как завершилось голосование?; каковы результаты голосования?

the play went well — пьеса имела успех

25. v исчезать; проходить

the clouds have gone — тучи рассеялись

money goes easily — деньги тают

26. v исчезнуть, пропасть

his hat has gone — у него исчезла шляпа

the key has gone somewhere — ключ куда-то распространяться; передаваться

27. v передаваться

telegrams go by wire — телеграммы передаются по проводам

28. v иметь хождение, быть в обращении

to go out of curl — быть выбитым из колеи; утратить форму

shall I go a little way with you? — проводить вас немного?

to go into the pipeline — быть отправленным на разработку

to go to oblivion — быть преданным забвению, быть забытым

you want to eat before you go — вам надо поесть до отъезда

29. v идти; брать на себя; решаться

do not go to any trouble — не затрудняйте себя

he will not even go to the trouble of doing that — он не захочет даже и попытаться сделать это

to go snacks — делить поровну; делиться ; брать свою долю

she aims to go tomorrow — она собирается уезжать завтра

he has no other place to go to — ему больше некуда идти

I must go and get some bread — надо пойти купить хлеба

shall we go for a walk? — не пойти ли нам погулять?

30. v податься; рухнуть; сломаться, расколоться

the platform went — трибуна рухнула

first the sail went and then the mast — сперва подался парус, а затем и мачта

there goes another button! — ну вот, ещё одна пуговица отлетела!

the fuse went — перегорела пробка

31. v потерпеть крах, обанкротиться

the bank may go any day — крах банка ожидается со дня на день

to go flop — потерпеть неудачу

to go phut — лопнуть, потерпеть крах

go to smash — разориться; обанкротиться

to go to smash — разориться, обанкротиться

to go bust — остаться без копейки, обанкротиться

32. v отменяться, уничтожаться

this clause of the bill will have to go — эта статья законопроекта должна быть отменена

33. v отказываться; избавляться

34. v быть расположенным, следовать в определённом порядке

the names go in alphabetical order — фамилии идут по алфавиту

things might go wrong — всё может сорваться

what hobby do you go in for? — какое у вас хобби?

I forbid you to go there — я запрещаю вам идти туда

to go by the title of … — быть известным под именем …

to go sine die — быть отпущенным на неопределённый срок

35. v храниться, находиться; становиться

where is this carpet to go? — куда постелить этот ковёр?

36. v умещаться, укладываться

the thread is too thick to go into the needle — нитка слишком толстая, чтобы пролезть в иголку

the book will not go into my pocket — книга не влезет в мой карман

37. v равняться

twelve inches go to one foot — один фут равняется двенадцати дюймам

38. v заканчиваться определённым результатом

which way will the decision go? — как всё решится?

39. v гласить, говорить

the agreement goes as follows — в соглашении говорится следующее

how does the story go? — что там дальше в рассказе?

the story goes that he was murdered — говорят, что его убили

properly speaking, you ought to go — собственно говоря, вы должны уйти

40. v звучать

the tune goes something like this … — вот как, примерно, звучит этот мотив

41. v звонить

I hear the bells going — я слышу, как звонят колокола

42. v бить, отбивать время

it has just gone six — только что пробило шесть

go bit — стартовый бит

go with the times — идти в ногу со временем

43. v умирать, гибнуть

she is gone — она погибла, она умерла

my grandmother went peacefully in the night — моя бабушка тихо скончалась ночью

to go to rack and ruin — обветшать; разрушиться; погибнуть

44. v пройти, быть принятым

what he says goes — его предложения принимаются

to go past — пройти мимо

go through — пройти насквозь

to go dry-shod — пройти не замочив ног

to take a turn, to go for a turn — пройтись

to go for a trot — быстро пройтись, пробежаться

45. v быть приемлемым

your plan goes — твой план годится

46. v разг. выдерживать, терпеть

he cannot go such doctrines — он терпеть не может подобных доктрин

47. v справляться, одолевать

48. v ходить определённым шагом

to go narrow — идти узким шагом

I go there very little — я хожу туда очень редко

go and see — заходить; зайти; навещать; навестить

go to see — заходить; зайти; навещать; навестить

to go in and out — свободно входить и выходить

to go ratting — выходить на охоту за крысами

49. v спариваться

Синонимический ряд:

1. energy (noun) birr; energy; hardihood; pep; potency; tuck

2. fling (noun) crack; fling; pop; shot; slap; stab; try; whack; whirl

3. occurrence (noun) circumstance; episode; event; happening; incident; occasion; occurrence; thing

4. success (noun) arrival; flying colors; prosperity; success; successfulness

5. time (noun) bout; hitch; innings; shift; siege; spell; stint; time; tour; trick; turn; watch

6. vigor (noun) bang; drive; getup; get-up-and-go; punch; push; snap; starch; vigor; vitality

7. agree (verb) accord; agree; check; check out; cohere; comport; conform; consist; consort; correspond; dovetail; fit in; harmonise; harmonize; jibe; march; quadrate; rhyme; square; tally

8. bear (verb) abide; bear; brook; digest; endure; lump; stand; stick out; stomach; suffer; support; sustain; swallow; sweat out; take; tolerate

9. become (verb) become; come; get; grow; wax

10. decline (verb) decline; deteriorate; fade

11. depart (verb) depart; exit; get away; get off; leave; pop off; pull out; push off; quit; retire; retreat; run along; shove off; take off; withdraw

12. die (verb) cash in; conk; decease; demise; die; drop; expire; go away; go by; pass away; pass out; peg out; perish; pip; succumb

13. disappear (verb) disappear; dissolve; vanish

14. enjoy (verb) enjoy; like; relish

15. fit (verb) belong; fit

16. give (verb) bend; break; break down; buckle; cave; cave in; collapse; crumple; fold up; give; yield

17. go on (verb) continue; go on; maintain; persist

18. go with (verb) go with; suit

19. happen (verb) befall; betide; chance; develop; do; fall out; hap; happen; occur; rise; transpire

20. make (verb) head; make; set out; strike out

21. move (verb) move; travel; walk

22. offer (verb) bid; offer

23. proceed (verb) advance; cruise; elapse; fare; hie; journey; pass; proceed; progress; push on; wend

24. resort (verb) apply; recur; refer; repair; resort; resort to; turn

25. run (verb) carry; extend; lead; range; reach; run; stretch; vary

26. set (verb) bet; gamble; lay; risk; set; stake; venture; wager

27. spend (verb) conclude; consume; exhaust; expend; finish; run through; spend; stop; terminate; use up; wash up

28. succeed (verb) arrive; click; come off; come through; flourish; go over; make out; pan out; prosper; prove out; score; succeed; thrive; work out

29. work (verb) act; function; operate; perform; work

Антонимический ряд:

appear; approach; arrive; become; break down; clash; come; endure; enter; fail; improve; lack; live; persist; quit; regress; remain; rest; stand; stay

English-Russian base dictionary > go

15 bolt

̈ɪbəult I
1. сущ.
1) стрела (оружие), особенно арбалетная стрела
2) удар молнии, грома a bolt from the blue
3) вид длинного артиллерийского снаряда
4) струя воды, другой жидкости, газа и т.п.
5) цилиндрическая деталь, удлинненный предмет а) засов, задвижка, язык замка behind bolt and bar ≈ под надежным запором;
за решеткой б) шкворень( особенно для дверных петель) в) воен. затвор г) болт, винт;
шуруп д) сл. половой член( переносное от предыдущего)
6) значение быстрого перемещения откуда-л. а) бегство б) амер.;
разг. отход от своей партии и т. п. в) неожиданное сотрясение, вздрагивание г) "запихивание" еды в рот, "пулеметное" проглатывание пищи
7) что-л. свернутое или скрученное, связанное а) вязанка б) кусок, рулон( холста, другой материи и т.д., как объект, но также и как мера)
8) узкий проход между домами
9) уст. каменная сточная канава
10) место изгиба листа в неразрезанной книге Those leaves which present a double or quadruple fold, technically termed "the bolt". ≈ Эти листы сложены вдвое или вчетверо, и эти складки называются bolt. ∙ my bolt is shot ≈ я сделал все, что мог
2. гл.
1) значения, связанные с резкостью или неожиданностью производимого действия а) быстро двигаться;
нестись стрелой, убегать;
удирать, давать деру, рвать когти In therefore he bolted and turned the key. ≈ Он влетел в дверь и повернул ключ. Out bolts her husband upon me with a large crab in his hand. ≈ Из дверей на меня выпрыгивает ее муж со здоровым колодезным воротом в руках. б) понести (о лошади) My donkey bolted about every five minutes. ≈ Мой осел норовил понести каждые пять минут. в) глотать не разжевывая, запихивать в рот пищу кусками и с большой скоростью г) распускаться, расцветать, давать побеги раньше времени( о растениях) д) совершить "политическое предательство", отойти от своих взглядов, "перебежать" е) говорить быстро и невнятно, глотая слова
2) выстреливать;
вылетать откуда-л. подобно пуле (о неодушевленных предметах) ;
стрелять( в обычном смысле)
3) выгонять зверя из норы
4) запирать на засов;
запираться The door bolts from inside. ≈ Эта дверь запирается изнутри.
5) скреплять, скручивать болтами bolt-on ∙ bolt down bolt out II
1. сущ. сито, ячейка сита, грохот
2. гл.
1) просеивать сквозь сито To bolt the bran from the pure flour. ≈ Отсеивать отруби от чистой муки.
2) отсеивать (людей, абитуриентов и т.п.)
3) тщательно обыскивать;
отыскивать( человека, предмет, слово в словаре и т.п.) III сущ. разыгрывание судебного разбирательства студентами юридических факультетов (учебное упражнение) засов, задвижка;
язык замка - behind * and bar под замком, за решеткой шкворень;
шпингалет - * pin (техническое) шпилька, чека( военное) (цилиндрический) затвор - * mechanism скользящий затвор болт (историческое) стрела арбалета бегство - to make a * for it помчаться, броситься - his horse made a * его лошадь понесла (американизм) (разговорное) отход от своей партии, принципов - to make a * to another party переметнуться на сторону другой партии молния удар грома рулон (материи, обоев) вязанка прутьев (определенной длины) заготовка для дранки - * timber пиломатериал > * upright прямо, вытянувшись в струнку > a * from the blue неожиданная неприятность, гром среди ясного неба > to go off like a * нестись стрелой > to shoot one's * сделать все, что в чьих-либо силах > my * is shot я сделал все, что мог > a fool's * is soon shot (пословица) с дурака что возьмешь запирать на засов - to * smb. in запереть кого-либо скреплять болтами, сболчивать (поспешно) выстрелить;
пустить стрелу выпалить, выболтать броситься вперед;
нестись стрелой понести (о лошади) убегать, удирать( американизм) (студенческое) (жаргон) удирать с лекции (американизм) (разговорное) отходить от своей партии или не поддерживать ее кандидата на выборах (разговорное) заглатывать пищу - to * one's dinner проглотить обед складывать;
скатывать( в рулон) - logs are *ed up in blocks поленья сложены штабелями пойти в цвет, в стрелку ( о растении) (устаревшее) сито;
грохот просеивать сквозь сито, грохотить;
отсеивать внимательно расследовать, рассматривать bolt бегство;
to make (или to do) a bolt броситься, помчаться (for) ;
удрать (to) ~ болт ~ вязанка (хвороста) ~ глотать не разжевывая ~ запирать на засов ~ засов;
задвижка;
шкворень;
язык (замка) ;
воен. (цилиндрический) затвор (оружия) ;
behind bolt and bar под надежным запором;
за решеткой ~ кусок, рулон (холста, шелковой материи) ;
my bolt is shot я сделал все, что мог;
he has shot his last bolt он сделал последнее усилие ~ нестись стрелой, убегать;
удирать ~ уст. отсеивать (тж. bolt out) ;
to bolt to the bran перен. внимательно расследовать, рассматривать ~ амер. разг. отход от своей партии, принципов ~ амер. разг. отходить от своей партии или не поддерживать ее кандидата ~ понести (о лошади) ~ просеивать сквозь сито;
грохотить ~ скреплять болтами ~ уст. стрела арбалета ~ удар грома;
a bolt from the blue гром среди ясного неба;
полная неожиданность ~ удар грома;
a bolt from the blue гром среди ясного неба;
полная неожиданность ~ уст. отсеивать (тж. bolt out) ;
to bolt to the bran перен. внимательно расследовать, рассматривать ~ upright прямо;
как стрела ~ кусок, рулон (холста, шелковой материи) ;
my bolt is shot я сделал все, что мог;
he has shot his last bolt он сделал последнее усилие bolt бегство;
to make (или to do) a bolt броситься, помчаться (for) ;
удрать (to) ~ кусок, рулон (холста, шелковой материи) ;
my bolt is shot я сделал все, что мог;
he has shot his last bolt он сделал последнее усилие

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bolt

16 bolt

I [bəult] 1. сущ.
1) арбалетная стрела

2) удар молнии, грома

3) засов, задвижка; язык замка

behind bolt and bar — под надёжным запором; за решёткой

4) шкворень ( обычно для дверных петель)

5) воен. затвор

6) болт, винт; шуруп

7) бегство

8) амер.; полит.; жарг. отказ от поддержки (партии, кандидата)

9) неожиданное сотрясение, вздрагивание

10) кусок, рулон (холста, обоев)

11) вязанка

12) узкий проход между домами

13) уст. каменная сточная канава

14) место изгиба листа в неразрезанной книге

Those leaves which present a double or quadruple fold, technically termed "the bolt". — Эти листы сложены вдвое или вчетверо, и эти складки называются bolt.

••

my bolt is shot — я сделал всё, что мог

a bolt from the blue — гром среди ясного неба см. тж. blue I 2.
2. гл.
1) выстреливать; вылетать откуда-л. подобно пуле ( о неодушевлённых предметах); стрелять

2) выпалить, выболтать

3) запирать на засов; запираться

The door bolts from inside. — Эта дверь запирается изнутри.

4) = bolt down скреплять, скручивать болтами

The lid of the box was bolted down. — Крышка коробки была привинчена.

5) быстро двигаться; нестись стрелой, убегать; разг. удирать, давать дёру

In therefore he bolted and turned the key. — Он влетел в дверь и повернул ключ.

Out bolts her husband upon me with a large crab in his hand. — Из дверей на меня выпрыгивает её муж со здоровым колодезным воротом в руках.

When I opened the door, the cat bolted out. — Едва я открыл дверь, как мне под ноги бросилась кошка.

6) понести ( о лошади)

7) = bolt down глотать не разжёвывая; запихивать в рот пищу кусками и с большой скоростью

Don't bolt your food down like that, it's rude. — Не запихивай еду в рот с такой жадностью, это неприлично.

8) говорить быстро и невнятно, глотая слова

9) распускаться, расцветать, давать побеги раньше времени ( о растениях)

10) совершить политическое предательство, отойти от своих взглядов, "перебежать"

11) выгонять зверя из норы

•

- bolt out
II [bəult] 1. сущ.; уст.
сито, ячейка сита, грохот
2. гл.
1) = bolt out просеивать сквозь сито

To bolt the bran from the pure flour. — Отсеивать отруби от чистой муки.

2) отсеивать, отбирать (людей, абитуриентов)

3) тщательно исследовать; внимательно рассматривать

Syn:

examine, search
III [bəult] сущ.
разыгрывание судебного разбирательства студентами юридических факультетов ( учебное упражнение)

Англо-русский современный словарь > bolt

17 letter

I ['letə] n
письмо

Any letters for me today? — Мне есть сегодня письма?

The letter went astray. — Письмо попало не по адресу.

The letter was lost. — Письмо затерялось.

The letter was wrongly addressed. — На письме стоял неверный адрес

- long letter
- strong letter
- short letter
- tender letter
- official letter
- emphatic letter
- urgent letter
- indiscreet letter
- registered letter
- respectful letter
- slanderous letter
- personal letters
- fatal letter
- preliminary letter
- congratulatory letter
- circular letter
- business letters
- boyhood letters
- air-mail letter
- adjustment letter
- very guarded letter
- smoothly-worded letter
- typewritten letter
- unstamped letter
- dry and poorly-worded letter cyxoe
- ill-spelled letter
- unsigned letter
- unfinished letter
- incoming and outgoing letters
- covering letter
- pleading letter
- obliging letter
- credential letters
- letter box
- letter form
- letter of three days ago
- letter from smb to smb
- letters to smb
- letter of some lines only
- a letter of introduction

- letter of appreciation
- letter of acknowledgement
- letter of guarantee
- a letter of credit

- a letter of inquiry

- letter of verdict
- letters of recall
- letter of advice
- letter of attorney
- letter of notification
- letter of transmittal
- letter of instruction
- letter of conveyance
- occasion of letters
- the body of the letter

- lot of letters
- recept of a letter
- postcript of a letter
- at the back of the letter
- in a letter home
- acknowledge the letter
- address a letter to a friend
- answer letters
- arrange letters
- apply by letter
- begin a letter with a greeting
- call for letters
- cash a letter of credit
- communicate by letter
- draw up letters
- date letters
- deliver letters

- deliver letters into smb's hands
- dictate letters to a typist
- direct letters to smb
- drop a letter

- drop smb a letter
- enclose smb's letter with one's own
- exchange letters
- file letters
- find a missing letter
- fling the letter into the waste basket
- fold a letter
- forward smb a letter
- hand smb a letter
- send a registered letter
- keep one's old letters
- keep one's letters under lock and key
- leave the letter unfinished
- leave a letter for smb
- mail letters
- mislay a letter
- open a letter
- put the letter into the envelope
- quote a letter as it stands
- reply letters
- send the answer by a registered letter
- sign a letter of protest
- stamp a letter
- submit letters for signiture
- tear a letter open II ['letə] n
1) буква, знак, шрифт

He kept the letter of the law but not the spirit. — Он держался буквы, но не духа закона.

Letters are put in italic type to show that they are important. — Буквы печатают курсивом, чтобы подчеркнуть их важность.

- small letter
- initial letter
- syllabic letters
- runic letters
- black letters
- white letters
- italic letters
- letter for letter
- the letter of the law

- every letter of the alphabet
- letters of the alphabet
- combinations of letters
- dropping of letters
- in letter and in spirit
- in golden letters
- be bound by the letter of the law
- carry out the law both in letter and in spirit
- carry out the instruction to the letter
- cross a letter out
- drop a letter

- enclose a letter in a circle
- know one's letters
- know smth to the letter
- obey to the letter
- teach the child his letters
- write in large letters
2) (обыкновенно pl) литература

Letters kept pace with art — Литература и искусство шли рука об руку.

He forsake letters for politic — Он забросил литературу ради политики

- Irish letters
- man of letters

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > letter

18 aircraft

воздушное судно [суда], атмосферный летательный аппарат [аппараты]; самолёт (ы) ; вертолёты); авиация; авиационный; см. тж. airplane, boost

aircraft in the barrier — самолёт, задержанный аварийной (аэродромной) тормозной установкой

aircraft in the pattern — самолёт на посадочном круге

aircraft off the line — новый [только что построенный] ЛА

aircraft on minimum fuel — ЛА с минимальным (для посадки) остатком топлива

arresting hook equipped aircraft — самолёт с тормозным крюком

B through F aircraft — самолёты модификаций B, C, D, E и F

carrier(-based, -borne) aircraft — палубный ЛА; авианосная авиация

clean up the aircraft — убирать шасси и закрылки

clear the air of enemy aircraft — очищать воздушное пространство от авиации противника

conventional takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт с обычными взлетом и посадкой (в отличие от укороченного или вертикального)

drive off enemy aircraft — отгонять ЛА противника

drop the aircraft onlo main wheels — опускать ЛА на главные колеса (при посадке)

earth resources survey aircraft — ЛА для исследования ресурсов Земли

force an enemy aircraft down — вынуждать ЛА противника к посадке

forward air control aircraft — самолёт наведения

get out of the aircraft — покидать ЛА

get the aircraft into production — запускать ЛА в (серийное) производство

get the aircraft on the ground — сажать ЛА на землю

high-differential pressure cabin aircraft — самолёт с большим перепадом давления в гермокабине

in-flight refueling tanker aircraft — самолёт-заправщик

keep the aircraft (headed) straight — выдерживать направление полёта ЛА (при выполнении маневра); сохранять прямолинейный полет ЛА

keep the aircraft flying — поддерживать ЛА в состоянии лётной годности

keep the aircraft in flying trim — поддерживать ЛА в состоянии лётной годности

keep the aircraft stalled — сохранять режим срыва [сваливания] самолёта, оставлять самолёт в режиме срыва [сваливания]

lift the aircraft off the ground — отрывать ЛА от земли (при взлете)

light observation quiet aircraft — лёгкий наблюдательный малошумный самолёт

low-differential pressure cabin aircraft — самолёт с малым перепадом давления в гермокабине

nearly wing borne aircraft — верт. ЛА в конце режима перехода к горизонтальному полёту

night forward air control aircraft — ночной самолёт наведения

outmaneuver an enemy aircraft — превосходить ЛА противника в маневренности

outspeed an enemy aircraft — превосходить ЛА противника в скорости

pull the aircraft off the deck — разг. отрывать ЛА от земли (при взлете)

put the aircraft back in an operational status — возвращать ЛА в строй (годных к эксплуатации)

put the aircraft into service — вводить ЛА в эксплуатацию

put the aircraft nose-up — переводить [вводить] ЛА на кабрирование [в режим кабрирования]

put the aircraft onto the runway — сажать ЛА па ВПП

put the aircraft through its paces — определять предельные возможности ЛА, «выжимать все из ЛА»

reduced takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт укороченного взлета и посадки (с укороченным разбегом и пробегом)

remotely controlled manned aircraft — телеуправляемый ЛА с экипажем на борту (на этапе отработки)

remotely piloted target aircraft — дистанционно управляемый самолёт-мишень

render the aircraft airborne — поднимать ЛА в воздух

rock the aircraft from side to side — раскачивать ЛА из стороны в сторону

rocket(-powered, -propelled) aircraft — ракетный ЛА, ЛА с ракетным двигателем

roll the aircraft into a bank — вводить ЛА в крен, накренять ЛА

rotate the aircraft into the climb — увеличивать угол тангажа ЛА для перехода к набору высоты, переводить ЛА в набор высоты

search and rescue aircraft — поисково-спасательный самолёт или вертолёт

send the aircraft around — направлять ЛА на второй круг

short takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт короткого взлета и посадки (с коротким разбегом и пробегом)

single vertical tail aircraft — ЛА с одинарным [центральным] вертикальным оперением

stability and control aircraft — ЛА для исследования характеристик устойчивости и управляемости

stowable rotor aircraft — ЛА со складывающимся несущим винтом

strategic(-mission, -purpose) aircraft — ЛА стратегического назначения; стратегический самолёт

take the aircraft into flight — поднимать ЛА в воздух

take the aircraft throughout its entire envelope — пилотировать ЛА во всем диапазоне полётных режимов

talk in an aircraft — раза выводить ЛА на посадочный курс

test and evaluation aircraft — ЛА предназначенные для лётных испытаний и оценки

tilt wing-deflected slipstream aircraft — СВВП с поворотным крылом и отклоняемой струей от винтов

trim the aircraft to fly hands-and-feet off — балансировать самолёт для полёта с брошенным управлением [с брошенными ручкой и педалями]

turbofan(-engined, -powered) aircraft — ЛА с турбовентиляторными двигателями, ЛА с ТРДД

turbojet(-powered, -propelled) aircraft — ЛА с ТРД

turn the aircraft toward the runway — разворачивать ЛА в направлении ВПП

turn up the aircraft — гонять двигатели ЛА

undergraduate navigator training aircraft — учебно-тренировочный самолёт для повышенной лётной подготовки штурманов

upper atmosphere research aircraft — ЛА для исследования верхних слоев атмосферы

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft — ЛА вертикального взлета и посадки

water(-based, takeoff and landing) aircraft — гидросамолёт

wrench the aircraft into a turn — вводить ЛА в разворот

— abandoned aircraft

— aborted aircraft

— acrobatic aircraft

— active ECM aircraft

— administrative aircraft

— advanced aircraft

— advanced-trainer aircraft

— aerobatic aircraft

— aerobatic training aircraft

— aerodynamic-test aircraft

— aft-engined aircraft

— ailing aircraft

— air alert aircraft

— air reserve aircraft

— airborne alert aircraft

— air-breathing aircraft

— air-carrier aircraft

— aircraft in distress

— aircraft in service

— aircraft in trouble

— aircraft on loan

— airline aircraft

— air-to-air refueling aircraft

— airworthy aircraft

— all-altitude aircraft

— all-body aircraft

— all-can-do aircraft

— all-cargo aircraft

— all-metal aircraft

— all-purpose aircraft

— all-rocket-armed aircraft

— all-terrain aircraft

— all-weather aircraft

— all-wing aircraft

— all-wood aircraft

— aluminum aircraft

— ambulance aircraft

— amphibian aircraft

— amphibious aircraft

— annular-wing aircraft

— antiradiation missile aircraft

— antisubmarine warfare aircraft

— armed aircraft

— armored aircraft

— army aircraft

— army cooperation aircraft

— army support aircraft

— arriving aircraft

— artillery location aircraft

— artillery observation aircraft

— artillery reconnaissance aircraft

— assault aircraft

— assault transport aircraft

— ASW aircraft

— asymmetrical aircraft

— athodyd aircraft

— atmosphere-entry-type aircraft

— attack aircraft

— augmented jet aircraft

— augmentor-wing aircraft

— automatically-controlled aircraft

— autopilot-controlled aircraft

— autopiloted aircraft

— backup aircraft

— bailment aircraft

— ballasted aircraft

— base flight aircraft

— basic aircraft

— big-door aircraft

— bimotor aircraft

— bingoing aircraft

— biservice aircraft

— bisymmetrical aircraft

— BLC aircraft

— blind-flying training aircraft

— bobtailed aircraft

— bombing aircraft

— boost-glide aircraft

— border patrol aircraft

— box-like aircraft

— braced aircraft

— business aircraft

— cabin-type aircraft

— canard aircraft

— cargo aircraft

— carrier-on-board aircraft

— CASS aircraft

— catapulted aircraft

— Cat-T aircraft

— century series aircraft

— certified aircraft

— channel-wing aircraft

— chase aircraft

— chemically-fueled aircraft

— chemically-powered aircraft

— chock the aircraft

— clean configured aircraft

— close-air-support aircraft

— cloud sampling aircraft

— coastal patrol aircraft

— COIN aircraft

— collapsible aircraft

— collision-protected aircraft

— combat aircraft

— combat-and-trainer aircraft

— combat-damaged aircraft

— combat-loaded aircraft

— combination aircraft

— command communication aircraft

— command post aircraft

— commercial aircraft

— communication relay aircraft

— company-funded aircraft

— comparable enemy aircraft

— complete aircraft

— composite aircraft

— composite powerplant aircraft

— composite turbojet aircraft

— computer-driven aircraft

— configure the aircraft

— conventional design aircraft

— conventional-technology aircraft

— converging aircraft

— conversion-type aircraft

— converted aircraft

— convertible aircraft

— cooperation aircraft

— countermeasures aircraft

— crashed aircraft

— crash-landed aircraft

— crescent-wing aircraft

— cross-country aircraft

— cruciform aircraft

— CTOL aircraft

— damaged aircraft

— deck-landing aircraft

— deck-launched aircraft

— deck-launching aircraft

— defensive aircraft

— deflected-exhaust aircraft

— deflected-slipstream aircraft

— deflected-thrust aircraft

— delta-winged aircraft

— demonstrator aircraft

— departing aircraft

— designator aircraft

— development batch aircraft

— development test aircraft

— developmental aircraft

— directed aircraft

— direct-lift aircraft

— director aircraft

— disabled aircraft

— dispersed aircraft

— distressed aircraft

— dlscoid-shaped aircraft

— Doppler-navigated aircraft

— double-deck aircraft

— double-delta aircraft

— downed aircraft

— drone aircraft

— dual-control aircraft

— dual-role aircraft

— dual-service aircraft

— ducted-propeller aircraft

— dynamically slender aircraft

— early-warning aircraft

— ECM aircraft

— eight-engined aircraft

— ejection-seat aircraft

— ejector-seat aircraft

— electronic conntermeasures aircraft

— electronic intelligence aircraft

— electronic reconnaissance aircraft

— electronic warfare aircraft

— electronically-controlled aircraft

— elongated aircraft

— endurance-test aircraft

— enemy intruder aircraft

— engineless aircraft

— enroute aircraft

— errant aircraft

— escort aircraft

— executive aircraft

— exit the aircraft

— expendable aircraft

— experimental aircraft

— extended-range aircraft

— faker aircraft

— fan-in-wing aircraft

— fan-jet aircraft

— fast aircraft

— fast-climbing aircraft

— fast-penetration aircraft

— feeder liner aircraft

— ferret aircraft

— ferrying aircraft

— fertilizing aircraft

— fighter control aircraft

— fighter direction aircraft

— fighter reconnaissance aircraft

— firing aircraft

— first-generation aircraft

— first-line aircraft

— fixed aircraft

— fixed-gear aircraft

— fixed-geometry aircraft

— fixed-wing aircraft

— flamed-out aircraft

— flank aircraft

— flapless aircraft

— flapped aircraft

— fleet-orbiting aircraft

— flexible aircraft

— flight aircraft

— flight-inspection aircraft

— flight-test aircraft

— floated aircraft

— flutter-clear aircraft

— flying testbed aircraft

— folding-rotor aircraft

— folding-winged aircraft

— foreign-built aircraft

— four-engined aircraft

— four-jet aircraft

— freight aircraft

— friendly aircraft

— front-line aircraft

— full-scale aircraft

— full-sized aircraft

— fully-aerobatic aircraft

— fully-armed aircraft

— fully-fueled aircraft

— fully-manned aircraft

— fuselage-heavy aircraft

— G aircraft

— gas-turbine aircraft

— gear-down aircraft

— gear-up aircraft

— general aviation aircraft

— general-purpose aircraft

— general-utility aircraft

— generating aircraft

— GETOL aircraft

— glazed-nose aircraft

— glider transport aircraft

— glider tug aircraft

— glide-type aircraft

— government aircraft

— ground alert aircraft

— guided aircraft

— gunship aircraft

— gust sensitive aircraft

— gyrodyne aircraft

— handle the aircraft

— handy aircraft

— hard-runway aircraft

— heavier-than-air aircraft

— heavy weight aircraft

— hedge-hopping aircraft

— helicopter-cum-fixed-wing aircraft

— high-altitude aircraft

— high-altitude surveillance aircraft

— high-aspect-ratio wing aircraft

— high-dynamic-pressure aircraft

— high-flying aircraft

— highly-flexible aircraft

— highly-maneuverable aircraft

— highly-wing loaded aircraft

— high-Mach aircraft

— high-performance aircraft

— high-set tail aircraft

— high-speed aircraft

— high-subsonic aircraft

— high-supersonic aircraft

— high-time aircraft

— high-winged aircraft

— holding aircraft

— home-built aircraft

— hostile aircraft

— hot-foot aircraft

— hovering aircraft

— hover-jet aircraft

— human-piloted aircraft

— hungry aircraft

— hydro-ski aircraft

— hypersonic aircraft

— hypersonic cruise aircraft

— hypothetical aircraft

— IFR aircraft

— illuminating aircraft

— incoming aircraft

— inertial fuselage-heavy aircraft

— inertially slender aircraft

— inflatable aircraft

— inflatable-wing aircraft

— inhabited aircraft

— in-service aircraft

— instrument training aircraft

— instrumented aircraft

— intercity aircraft

— intercommunication aircraft

— intercontinental aircraft

— interrogate the aircraft

— intruder aircraft

— inverted aircraft

— jamming aircraft

— jet attack aircraft

— jet-augmented aircraft

— jet-boosted aircraft

— jet-ejector aircraft

— jet-engined aircraft

— jet-flap aircraft

— jet-flap research aircraft

— jet-lift aircraft

— jet-propelled aircraft

— jet-propulsion aircraft

— jumbo aircraft

— key aircraft

— laminar-flow aircraft

— laminarized aircraft

— land-based aircraft

— large dimension aircraft

— large-capacity aircraft

— large-payload aircraft

— late-production aircraft

— launched aircraft

— launching aircraft

— leader aircraft

— leading aircraft

— leadnose aircraft

— level the aircraft

— level-supersonic aircraft

— LFC aircraft

— liaison aircraft

— license-built aircraft

— license-manufactured aircraft

— lift-fan aircraft

— lifting aircraft

— light transport aircraft

— lighter-than-air aircraft

— litter aircraft

— load the aircraft

— loaded aircraft

— loitering aircraft

— long-distance aircraft

— long-endurance aircraft

— long-range aircraft

— low-altitude aircraft

— low-aspect-ratiowing aircraft

— low-flying aircraft

— low-level aircraft

— low-observable aircraft

— low-set-tail aircraft

— low-speed aircraft

— low-wing aircraft

— low-wing-loading aircraft

— man the aircraft

— man-carrying aircraft

— maneuverable aircraft

— maneuvering aircraft

— maneuvering-type aircraft

— manned aircraft

— man-powered aircraft

— manually controlled aircraft

— marginally powered aircraft

— marine aircraft

— maritime aircraft

— mass-produced aircraft

— medical air-evacuation aircraft

— medium cargo aircraft

— medium transport aircraft

— medium-weight aircraft

— medium-capacity aircraft

— medium-haul aircraft

— medium-payload aircraft

— medium-range aircraft

— metal aircraft

— meteorological reconnaissance aircraft

— middle-wing aircraft

— mid-set aircraft

— mid-wing aircraft

— mine-laying aircraft

— missile-carrier aircraft

— missile-carrying aircraft

— missile-launching aircraft

— mission aircraft

— MIT aircraft

— mixed jet-rocket aircraft

— mixed-powerplant aircraft

— model aircraft

— modified aircraft

— modular aircraft

— mother aircraft

— motorless aircraft

— multiengined aircraft

— multijet aircraft

— multimission aircraft

— multiplace aircraft

— multipurpose aircraft

— multiseated aircraft

— multisensor aircraft

— M-wing aircraft

— narrow-bodied aircraft

— navalized aircraft

— near term aircraft

— nonaerobatic aircraft

— noncombat aircraft

— nonexpendable aircraft

— nonmaneuverable aircraft

— nonoperational aircraft

— nonpressurized cabin aircraft

— nonspinnable aircraft

— nonspinning aircraft

— normal design aircraft

— nose-heavy aircraft

— nose-tow-equipped aircraft

— nose-wheel aircraft

— nuclear aircraft

— nuclear-carrier aircraft

— nuclear-powered aircraft

— nuclear-propelled aircraft

— number two aircraft

— oblique takeoff aircraft

— oblique wing aircraft

— observation aircraft

— obsolete aircraft

— ogee-planform aircraft

— ogee-wing aircraft

— oncoming aircraft

— open-cockpit aircraft

— operating aircraft

— operational aircraft

— operational trainer aircraft

— operational training aircraft

— operationally-configured aircraft

— operationally-ready aircraft

— opponent aircraft

— opposing aircraft

— optimum aircraft

— orbiting aircraft

— originating aircraft

— out-of-control aircraft

— overloaded aircraft

— overtaken aircraft

— overwater aircraft

— overweight aircraft

— pacer aircraft

— paint the aircraft

— pantobase aircraft

— pantosurface aircraft

— paper aircraft

— parabolic flight aircraft

— parasol aircraft

— parent aircraft

— parked aircraft

— passenger/cargo aircraft

— passenger-carrying cargo aircraft

— pathfinder aircraft

— patrol aircraft

— performance aircraft

— personal aircraft

— photographic reconnaissance aircraft

— photographic-mapping aircraft

— photographic-survey aircraft

— picket aircraft

— pickup aircraft

— pilot-controlled aircraft

— pilot's aircraft

— pilot-training aircraft

— piston-driven aircraft

— piston-engined aircraft

— plastic aircraft

— podded aircraft

— pods-off aircraft

— power boost-controlled aircraft

— power the aircraft

— power-controlled aircraft

— powered aircraft

— powerful aircraft

— preflight the aircraft

— pre-production aircraft

— Present-generation aircraft

— Pressurized-cabin aircraft

— primary developmental aircraft

— primary training aircraft

— private aircraft

— probe aircraft

— production model aircraft

— prone-pilot aircraft

— proof-of-concept aircraft

— propeller-driven aircraft

— propeller-propelled aircraft

— propjet aircraft

— prop-lift aircraft

— proprotor aircraft

— propulsive wing aircraft

— protected aircraft

— prototype aircraft

— provisionally certificated aircraft

— pulsejet aircraft

— pusher-equipped aircraft

— pusher-type aircraft

— push-pull aircraft

— Q/STOL aircraft

— questionable aircraft

— quick aircraft

— quiet aircraft

— quieted aircraft

— quiet-engined aircraft

— R&D aircraft

— racing aircraft

— radar-calibration aircraft

— radar-nosed aircraft

— radar-picket aircraft

— radar-simulated aircraft

— radar-training aircraft

— radio-controlled aircraft

— ramjet-powered aircraft

— ramp-launched aircraft

— reaction-control aircraft

— readable aircraft

— rear-engined aircraft

— rear-loading aircraft

— receiver aircraft

— receiving aircraft

— reciprocating-engine aircraft

— reconnaissance aircraft

— record-holding aircraft

— recovery aircraft

— red-cross aircraft

— refueled aircraft

— refueling aircraft

— relay aircraft

— relief aircraft

— remotely controlled aircraft

— rendezvousing aircraft

— rent aircraft

— replacement aircraft

— rescue aircraft

— research aircraft

— research and development aircraft

— responsive aircraft

— retractable-gear aircraft

— reverse-thrust aircraft

— revetted aircraft

— ride the aircraft

— robot aircraft

— rocket-armed aircraft

— rocket-boosted aircraft

— rocket-carrying aircraft

— rotary wing aircraft

— rotating wing aircraft

— rotor aircraft

— rotor/propeller aircraft

— rugged aircraft

— runaway aircraft

— scissor-winged aircraft

— scramble aircraft

— seaborne aircraft

— search radar aircraft

— second-generation aircraft

— second-line aircraft

— second-mission aircraft

— semiaerobatic aircraft

— semiexpendable aircraft

— series production aircraft

— service aircraft

— service-test aircraft

— shadow aircraft

— shaker-equipped aircraft

— sheltered aircraft

— ship-based aircraft

— shipboard aircraft

— shipborne aircraft

— shore-based aircraft

— short takeoff aircraft

— shorter-winged aircraft

— short-field aircraft

— short-haul aircraft

— short-landing aircraft

— short-legged aircraft

— short-range aircraft

— short-span aircraft

— shoulder-wing aircraft

— sick aircraft

— side firing aircraft

— side-loading aircraft

— similar model aircraft

— simulated aircraft

— single-design-point aircraft

— single-float aircraft

— single-jet aircraft

— single-place aircraft

— single-seat aircraft

— six-engined aircraft

— skip-bombing aircraft

— slender aircraft

— slender-delta aircraft

— slender-wing aircraft

— slim-delta aircraft

— slow the aircraft

— slow-landing aircraft

— smooth-flying aircraft

— solo-piloted aircraft

— spare aircraft

— special aircraft

— specially instrumented aircraft

— special-mission aircraft

— special-purpose aircraft

— spin demonstration aircraft

— spin model aircraft

— spinnable aircraft

— spinning aircraft

— spirally stable aircraft

— spirally unstable aircraft

— spotter aircraft

— stabilized aircraft

— stable aircraft

— stacked aircraft

— staged aircraft

— stalled aircraft

— stall-free aircraft

— stall-proof aircraft

— stall-safe aircraft

— static-test aircraft

— steep gradient aircraft

— stick-pusher aircraft

— still-to-be-delivered aircraft

— STOL aircraft

— stopped-folded rotor aircraft

— stopped-stowed rotor aircraft

— stored aircraft

— stowed rotor aircraft

— strafer aircraft

— strafing aircraft

— straight-jet aircraft

— straight-wing aircraft

— streamlined aircraft

— stretched aircraft

— strike aircraft

— stripped aircraft

— strongly controlled aircraft

— study aircraft

— subsonic aircraft

— supersonic aircraft

— supersonic cruising aircraft

— supply aircraft

— supply dropper aircraft

— support type aircraft

— surface effect aircraft

— swept-back aircraft

— swept-wing aircraft

— swing-tail aircraft

— swing-wing aircraft

— swiveling-nozzle aircraft

— symmetrical aircraft

— symmetrically loaded aircraft

— systems test aircraft

— tailed aircraft

— tail-engined aircraft

— tail-first aircraft

— tailless aircraft

— tail-sitting aircraft

— tail-wheeled aircraft

— tandem aircraft

— tandem-wing aircraft

— tanker aircraft

— target aircraft

— target drone aircraft

— target-towing aircraft

— telecontrolled aircraft

— television-controlled aircraft

— terminating aircraft

— terrain-following aircraft

— test aircraft

— test-bed aircraft

— test-support aircraft

— the aircraft off

— theoretical aircraft

— thick-winged aircraft

— third-generation aircraft

— third-level aircraft

— threat aircraft

— three-point refueling aircraft

— thrust-vectored aircraft

— tied-down aircraft

— tight-turning aircraft

— tilt-fold-proprotor aircraft

— tilting-wing aircraft

— tilting-duct propeller aircraft

— tilt-propeller aircraft

— tilt-wing propeller aircraft

— torpedo-carrier aircraft

— towing aircraft

— tow-target aircraft

— tractor-type aircraft

— trailing aircraft

— trainer aircraft

— training aircraft

— transatlantic aircraft

— transcontinental aircraft

— transitional aircraft

— transoceanic aircraft

— transonic aircraft

— transonically-accelerating aircraft

— transponder-equipped aircraft

— transport aircraft

— trials aircraft

— tricyclic-geared aircraft

— triphibian aircraft

— triphibious aircraft

— triple-finned aircraft

— triplex-systemed aircraft

— tri-service aircraft

— tri-tail aircraft

— troop-carrier aircraft

— trunk-route aircraft

— T-tailed aircraft

— tug aircraft

— turbine-engined aircraft

— turbine-powered aircraft

— turboprop aircraft

— turboramjet aircraft

— turbulent aircraft

— twin-boom aircraft

— twin-duct aircraft

— twin-jet aircraft

— twin-turbofan aircraft

— twin-turboprop aircraft

— two-altimeter aircraft

— two-control aircraft

— two-design-point aircraft

— ultimate production aircraft

— ultra-high-performance aircraft

— unarmed aircraft

— unaugmented aircraft

— unbailable aircraft

— uncontrollable aircraft

— uncontrolled aircraft

— underrun the aircraft

— unflapped aircraft

— unflown aircraft

— unidentified aircraft

— unknown aircraft

— unmanned aircraft

— unmodified aircraft

— unprotected aircraft

— unstable aircraft

— unswept aircraft

— upright aircraft

— utility aircraft

— V/STOL aircraft

— variable-control aircraft

— variable-geometry aircraft

— variable-incidence aircraft

— variable-mass aircraft

— variable-stability aircraft

— variable-sweep wing aircraft

— vector the aircraft

— vectored aircraft

— vectored lift aircraft

— vectored thrust aircraft

— vectoring aircraft

— versatile aircraft

— vertical attitude aircraft

— vertical takeoff aircraft

— vertical-flight aircraft

— vertical-lift aircraft

— vertically-rising aircraft

— VG aircraft

— voice aircraft

— vortex generating aircraft

— VTOL aircraft

— weather-modified aircraft

— wheeled aircraft

— wide-body aircraft

— wingborne aircraft

— winged aircraft

— wingless aircraft

— wingman's aircraft

— winterized aircraft

— wool-tufted aircraft

— wrecked aircraft

— yaw the aircraft

— yawed aircraft

— zero-length-launch aircraft

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > aircraft

19 flat

flat

1. flat [flæt] adj <- tt->

1) (not raised, horizontal) inclination flach;

( even) floor, ground flach; ground, path, territory eben; face, nose platt;

people used to believe that the earth was \flat früher glaubten die Menschen, die Erde sei eine Scheibe;

\flat hand flache [o offene] Hand;

\flat heel/ shoe flacher Absatz/Schuh;

to be [as] \flat as a pancake ground topfeben sein ( fam); woman flach wie ein [Bügel]brett sein ( fam)

\flat roof flaches Dach, Flachdach nt

2) ( shallow) cup, plate flach

3) ( smooth) glatt; surface eben

4) attr, inv

(fig: absolute) entschieden, kategorisch, glatt ( fam)

to be met with \flat denial [or refusal] auf entschiedene [o ( fam) glatte] Ablehnung stoßen, rundweg abgelehnt werden ( fam)

5) (a. fig, pej: dull) langweilig, lahm ( pej) ( fam), öd[e] ( pej) ( fam) of conversation, writing geistlos, flach ( pej)

6) ( monotone) voice ohne Modulation nach n, ausdruckslos ( pej) lit ( lacking delineation) character eindimensional fachspr, einfach gestrickt ( fam) (lacking depth, contrast) of a photo, picture flach, kontrastarm

7) ( not shiny) of colour, paint, varnish matt, stumpf

8) ( tasteless) cooking fad[e]; drinks schal, abgestanden;

to go \flat schal werden

9) (Brit, Aus) ( exhausted) battery leer

10) ( deflated) platt;

\flat tyre platter Reifen, Plattfuß m ( fam)

11) comm, econ ( not active) business flau, lustlos fachspr;

\flat market flauer [o ruhiger] Markt, lustlose Börse

12) pred (Am) (fam: without funds) pleite ( fam)

13) mus ( lower in pitch) note [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt; key mit B-Vorzeichen nach n, ( below intended pitch) string, voice zu tief [gestimmt];

E \flat major Es-Dur

14) attr, inv comm ( fixed) einheitlich, Einheits-, Pauschal-;

\flat charge Pauschale f fachspr;

\flat fee Pauschalgebühr f, Pauschalhonorar nt fachspr;

\flat price/ tariff Einheitspreis/Einheitstarif m fachspr;

\flat rate Einheitssatz m, Pauschalsatz m fachspr

PHRASES:

and that's \flat und dabei bleibt es [o ( fam) damit basta] adv <- tt->

1) ( horizontally) flach;

to fall \flat on one's face der Länge nach hinfallen;

to lie \flat on one's back flach [o lang hingestreckt] auf dem Rücken liegen

2) ( levelly) platt;

to fold sth \flat napkin, sheet etw zusammenfalten; ironing, napkin, tablecloth etw zusammenlegen; deckchair etw zusammenklappen;

to knock [or lay] sth \flat building, wall etw platt walzen [o einebnen] [o (a. fig) dem Erdboden gleichmachen];

3) inv (fam: absolutely) rundheraus, glattweg;

she told him \flat that she would not go to the show sie sagte ihm klipp und klar, dass sie nicht zu der Show gehen werde;

to be \flat against the rules eindeutig gegen die Regeln verstoßen

4) inv (fam: completely) völlig, total ( fam)

to be \flat broke total [o völlig] pleite sein ( fam)

to be \flat out völlig alle [o total erledigt] sein ( fam)

5) (fam: exactly) genau

6) mus ( below intended pitch) sing, play zu tief

PHRASES:

in no time \flat ( fam) in Sekundenschnelle [o ( fam) null Komma nichts];

to fall \flat ( fail) attempt, effort scheitern, danebengehen ( fam) stage performance durchfallen; joke nicht ankommen ( fam) n

1) ( level surface) flache Seite; of a knife, sword Breitseite f;

\flat of the hand Handfläche f;

he hit me with the \flat of his hand er schlug mich mit der flachen Hand

2) ( level ground) Fläche f, Ebene f;

most of the path is on the \flat der größte Teil des Weges ist eben

3) geog ( land) Flachland nt, Niederung f fachspr;

the \flats pl ground die Ebenen fpl fachspr; seafloor die Untiefen fpl, die Sandbänke fpl fachspr;

the mud \flats pl die Sumpfebene fachspr;

the salt \flats pl die Salzwüste fachspr

4) mus ( sign) Erniedrigungszeichen nt fachspr, b nt ( tone) [um einen halben Ton] erniedrigter Ton fachspr

5) ( Brit) sports ( horse race) Flachrennen nt fachspr; ( season) Saison f für Flachrennen

6) theat ( scenery) Schiebewand f, Kulisse f fachspr

7) (esp Brit, Aus) ( tyre) Platte(r) m, Plattfuß m ( fam)

2. flat [flæt] n

(Brit, Aus) [Etagen]wohnung f, Mietwohnung f;

\flats pl Wohnblock m, Mietblock m

English-German students dictionary > flat

20 mechanism

механизм; устройство; прибор; аппарат

- mechanism for stopping machine

- alarm mechanism

- alignment mechanism

- assembling mechanism

- autoclamp mechanism

- autofocus mechanism

- automatic pile lowering mechanism

- automatic pile raising mechanism

- automatic repeat spacing mechanism

- backgage drive mechanism

- back separating mechanism

- bidirectional document feed mechanism

- braking mechanism

- bridge mechanism

- cam mechanism

- camera drive mechanism

- casting mechanism

- character-by-character printing mechanism

- code printing mechanism

- column pusher mechanism

- control mechanism

- conveyor-belt mechanism

- counterbalancing sheet feeding mechanism

- counting mechanism

- dampening mechanism

- dancer-roller mechanism

- delivery mechanism

- design-cylinder-loading mechanism

- distributing mechanism

- doctor blade mechanism

- doctor blade pressure/angle adjusting mechanism

- document-conveying mechanism

- document copy mechanism

- document-endorsing mechanism

- document feeding mechanism

- drive mechanism

- duct-and-roller mechanism

- ducting mechanism

- ductor mechanism

- eccentric rotary swing gripper mechanism

- elevating mechanism

- envelope cutter mechanism

- equalizing mechanism

- escapement mechanism

- feed out mechanism

- film elevating mechanism

- film-moving mechanism

- filter mechanism

- fluid applying mechanism

- focusing mechanism

- focusing drive mechanism

- folder mechanism

- folder feeding mechanism

- folding-and-cutting mechanism

- folding blade silencing mechanism

- forwarding mechanism

- galley mechanism

- gate mechanism

- gripper mechanism

- hammer-actuating mechanism

- handling mechanism

- heavy-duty pile-raising mechanism

- impression mechanism

- index mechanism

- inker mechanism

- ink fountain blade-setting mechanism

- inking mechanism

- ink-supplying mechanism

- ink throw-off mechanism

- jaw tongs mechanism

- jogger mechanism

- labeling mechanism

- label reject mechanism

- leading edge plate clamp mechanism

- liquid handling mechanism

- loop-forming mechanism

- magnetic key mechanism

- main stack feeder mechanism

- master plate feed mechanism

- matrix-case positioning mechanism

- mold blade operating mechanism

- operating lever mechanism

- oscillating infeed gripper mechanism

- overchute feed mechanism

- paper clamping mechanism

- paper cutter mechanism

- paper feed mechanism

- paper supply mechanism

- parallel fold mechanism

- pasting mechanism

- perforating mechanism

- pile-lowering mechanism

- pile-raising mechanism

- plate-clamping mechanism

- plate clamp registering mechanism

- pneumatic sheet transport and alignment mechanism

- pressure throw-off mechanism

- print-cutting mechanism

- printing head feeding mechanism

- printing ribbon feeding mechanism

- receiving mechanism

- reel-changing mechanism

- reel-splicing mechanism

- registering mechanism

- registry changing mechanism

- repeat spacing mechanism

- retractable web mechanism

- ribbon feeding mechanism

- ribbon-perforating mechanism

- rotary cutting mechanism

- rotary stapling mechanism

- scan mechanism

- separating mechanism

- severing mechanism

- sheet caliper mechanism

- sheet-detecting mechanism

- sheet feeder drive mechanism

- sheet-feeding mechanism

- sheet-forwarding mechanism

- sheet-inverting mechanism

- sheet registration and feeding mechanism

- sheet-removal mechanism

- sheet-separating mechanism

- sheet separating and advancing mechanism

- sheet side guide mechanism

- sheet stack-feeding mechanism

- sheet takeoff mechanism

- sheet-transfer mechanism

- sheet-transfer perfecting mechanism

- side register mechanism

- side sensing mechanism

- skew-eliminating sheet-feeding mechanism

- splicing mechanism

- squeegee reciprocating mechanism

- stapling mechanism

- starting mechanism

- stereoplate clamping mechanism

- stop-gripper mechanism

- stopping mechanism

- style selection mechanism

- threefold mechanism

- thresholding mechanism

- throw-off mechanism

- toggle platen mechanism

- transfer sheet clamping mechanism

- transfer wedge rod link mechanism

- twofold mechanism

- typehead-positioning mechanism

- unit-registering mechanism

- vibrating mechanism

- water mechanism

- web-forwarding mechanism

- web-pasting mechanism

- web-splicing mechanism

- web takeup mechanism

- web tension control mechanism

- wetting mechanism

- wiping mechanism

- wire-cutting mechanism

- wire feed mechanism

- xerographic erase mechanism

Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > mechanism

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См. также в других словарях:

Key (lock) — A cut key A key is an instrument that is used to operate a lock. A typical key consists of two parts: the blade, which slides into the keyway of the lock and distinguishes between different keys, and the bow, which is left protruding so that… … Wikipedia

key — Synonyms and related words: French pitch, Rasputin, Svengali, TelAutography, Teletype, Teletype network, Teletyping, VIP, access, accommodate, accord, achromatism, adapt, adjust, adjust to, aerophone, ait, amplification, archipelago, assimilate,… … Moby Thesaurus

fold — Synonyms and related words: KO, alveolation, alveolus, antrum, arena, armpit, assembly, average, bang, bar, barricade, basin, batten, batten down, be ruined, become insolvent, bend, bisect, bolt, bomb, bosom, bowl, break, brethren, bust, button,… … Moby Thesaurus

lock out — Synonyms and related words: ban, bang, bar, bar out, barricade, batten, batten down, blockade, bolt, boycott, button, button up, choke, choke off, clap, close, close up, constrict, contain, contract, count out, cover, cut off, debar, embargo,… … Moby Thesaurus

cevin Key — Birth name Kevin William Crompton Also known as cEvin Key, Kenny King, Scaremeister Born February 13, 1961 (1961 02 13) (age 50) Origin Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada … Wikipedia

Nokia 6650 fold — This article is about the 2008 mobile phone. For the 2002 mobile phone, see Nokia 6650. Nokia 6650 fold Manufacturer Nokia Carriers AT T, T Mobile Compatible networks GSM 850, 900, 1,800, and 1,900 MHz HSDPA 850 and 2,100 Mhz … Wikipedia

Nose key — Nose Nose (n[=o]z), n. [AS. nosu; akin to D. neus, G. nase, OHG. nasa, Icel. n[ o]s, Sw. n[ a]sa, Dan. n[ a]se, Lith. nosis, Russ. nos , L. nasus, nares, Skr. n[=a]s[=a], n[=a]s. [root]261. Cf. {Nasal}, {Nasturtium}, {Naze}, {Nostril}, {Nozzle}.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

To put one's nose out of joint — Nose Nose (n[=o]z), n. [AS. nosu; akin to D. neus, G. nase, OHG. nasa, Icel. n[ o]s, Sw. n[ a]sa, Dan. n[ a]se, Lith. nosis, Russ. nos , L. nasus, nares, Skr. n[=a]s[=a], n[=a]s. [root]261. Cf. {Nasal}, {Nasturtium}, {Naze}, {Nostril}, {Nozzle}.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Flypast — Pays Royaume Uni Langue Anglais Périodicité Mensuel … Wikipédia en Français

Italy — /it l ee/, n. a republic in S Europe, comprising a peninsula S of the Alps, and Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and other smaller islands: a kingdom 1870 1946. 57,534,088; 116,294 sq. mi. (301,200 sq. km). Cap.: Rome. Italian, Italia. * * * Italy… … Universalium

Nobel Prizes — ▪ 2009 Introduction Prize for Peace The 2008 Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded to Martti Ahtisaari, former president (1994–2000) of Finland, for his work over more than 30 years in settling international disputes, many involving ethnic,… … Universalium

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

fold- out key

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

fold- out key

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

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